UC-NR 


mi 


GIFT  OF 


.  ••/*}..' 


THE  SHEPHERD  OF  THE  OCEAN 


Whom  I  asked  from  what  place  he  came, 
And  how  he  hight,  himself  he  did  ycleepe 
"The  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean"  by  name, 
And  said  he  came  far  from  the  main-sea  deep. 

Spenser's  The  Faerie  Queenc. 


PORTRAIT  OP  RALEIGH  IN  "THE  HISTORY  OP  THE  WORLD,"   1617 
The  only  portrait,  of  him.  published  during  his  lifetime 


THE  SHEPHERD  OF  THE  OCEAN 

A  Pageant-Drama 

BY 
FREDERICK  HENRY  KOCH 

Professor  of  Dramatic  Literature  in  the  University 
of  North  Carolina 


DESIGNED  TO  COMMEMORATE  THE  TERCENTENARY  OF 
THE  EXECUTION  OF  SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 


With  a  Foreword  by 
Edwin  Greenlaw 


PRINTED  AT 

&aieigf),  JSortfc  Carolina 

BY  EDWARDS  &  BROUGHTON  PRINTING  CO. 
MCMXX 


•; 

* 


Copyright*  1920,  by 

FREDERICK  HENRY  KOCH 

All  rights  reserved,  including  acting  rights 

and  motion  picture  rights 


To 

THE  CITIZENS  OF  THE  "CITIE  OF  RALEGH' 
IN  NORTH  CAROLINA 

INHERITORS  OF  THE  BRAVE  SPIRIT  OF 
THE  PIONEER  COLONIZER 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 

WHO  WROTE 
JUST  BEFORE  HIS  FALL 

"/  shall  yet  live  to  see  it  an  English  nation" 


433 i 57 


Contents 

PAGE 

THE  RALEIGH  TERCENTENARY 9 

FOREWORD 13 

CHARACTERS  REPRESENTED 21 

THE  PROLOGUE 25 

THE  FIRST  PART 27 

EPISODE  I 27 

INTERLUDE 42 

EPISODE  II 43 

THE  INTERLUDE 57 

THE  SECOND  PART 59 

EPISODE  I 61 

INTERLUDE 66 

EPISODE  II 67 

INTERLUDE 75 

EPISODE  III 77 

THE  EPILOGUE 87 

THE  DIRECTORS  OF  THE  PAGEANT 93 

THE  COMMITTEES  OF  THE  PAGEANT 94 

THE  PRINCIPAL  PLAYERS  OF  THE  PAGEANT  .  95 


list  of  illustrations; 

Cover  Design:  THE  ARMS  OF  SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH,  WITH 
AUTOGRAPH. 

The  arms  from  the  Heralds'  College,  London. 

The  autograph — facsimile  in  letter  to  Mr.  R.  Duke,  July  26,  1584. 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH Frontispiece 

Portrait  of  Raleigh  in  the  Third  Edition  of  The  History  of 
the  World,  1617. 

FACING  PAGE 

THE  BIRTHPLACE  OF  WALTER  RALEIGH 23 

From  a  photograph. 

QUEEN  ELIZABETH 29 

From  painting  by  Zucchero  in  the  National  Portrait  Gallery. 

INDIAN  CHIEFS  OF  ROANOKE  ISLAND 35 

From  the  John  White  Pictures. 

THE  DEFEAT  OF  THE  SPANISH  ARMADA,  1588  ....    41 

From  Tapestry  Hangings  of  the  House  of  Lords,  engraved  by 
J.  Pine,  1739. 

THE  ARRIVAL  OF  THE  ENGLISH  AT  ROANOKE  ISLAND  .    .    53 

From  the  John  White  Pictures. 

RALEIGH'S  CELL  IN  THE  BLOODY  TOWER 61 

From  a  drawing  by  J.  Wykeham  Archer,  1851. 

THE  SITE  OF  FORT  RALEIGH  ON  ROANOKE  ISLAND    .    .    81 

From  the  painting  by  Jacques  Busbee. 


I  SHALL  yet  live  to  see  it  an  English  nation!" 
So  wrote  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  with  far-seeing  vis- 
ion, just  before  his  fall,  concerning  his  "Lost  Col- 
ony" of  Roanoke  and  his  Citie  of  Ralegh  in  America. 

Today  the  figure  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  appears  the 
more  imposing  in  the  perspective  of  the  years — the 
complete  embodiment  of  the  talents  of  the  versatile 
age  in  which  he  lived.  Courtier,  soldier,  sea-captain, 
statesman,  explorer,  scientist,  historian,  poet — he  was, 
perhaps,  the  most  representative  man  %  of  his  time. 
But  chiefly  he  was  the  pioneer  colonizer  of  the  New 
World  of  America. 

It  is  especially  fitting  that  Raleigh,  The  Shepherd 
of  the  Ocean,  be  produced  at  this  particular  time,  as 
the  contribution  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina  to  the 
celebrations  being  held  conjointly  both  in  England 
and  in  the  United  States  in  1920-21,  to  commemorate 
the  correlated  occurrences  which  mark  the  beginnings 
and  the  development  of  our  free  English  institutions. 
In  this  international  celebration  the  landing  on  Roan- 
oke Island  in  July,  1584,  of  the  colonists  of  Sir  Wal- 
ter Raleigh — the  first  English  settlers  in  America — 
holds  a  unique  place.  It  is  the  pioneer  English  set- 
tlement in  America,  a  heritage  which  may  well  be 
cherished  along  with  the  better  known  later  settlements 
at  Jamestown  and  at  Plymouth  Rock. 

[91 


10          Raleigh,  the  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean 

Raleigh,  The  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean,  is  designed, 
not  merely  to  present  some  of  the  shining  incidents  in 
the  life  of  the  man,  but  also  to  suggest  something  of 
the  larger  significance  of  his  contribution.  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh  is  here  conceived  as  representing  the  struggle 
of  the  English  people  for  freedom  from  tyrant  rule, 
as  blazing  the  way  for  those  who  came  after  him  to 
inherit  the  fruition  of  his  vision  of  a  brave  New 
World — the  proved  reality  of  his  dream  of  a  new 
"English  nation"  in  America. 

In  writing  this  play  of  Raleigh,  The  Shepherd  of 
the  Ocean,  I  have  enriched  the  text,  wherever  it  was 
practicable,  with  the  vivid  phrases  of  Raleigh  him- 
self— adapting  various  passages  from  his  principal 
prose-writings,  and  including  in  the  final  scene  his 
beautiful  and  haunting  verses,  Even  such  is  time,  etc., 
found  in  his  Bible  in  the  gatehouse  at  Westminster, 
and  said  to  have  been  written  by  him  the  night  before 
his  execution. 

This  Raleigh  pageant-drama  was  devised  and  writ- 
ten originally  for  the  commemoration  of  the  Tercen- 
tenary of  the  execution  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  on 
October  29,  1918,  as  planned  by  the  State  Literary 
and  Historical  Association  of  North  Carolina.  But 
the  original  plan  was  thwarted  by  the  epidemic  of  in- 
fluenza, and  now  it  is  our  purpose  to  produce  it  on  the 
evenings  of  October  19th,  20th  and  21st  in  a  spacious 
Theatre  of  Nature  in  the  suburbs  of  the  City  of 
Raleigh. 


The  Raleigh  Tercentenary  11 

In  the  preparation  of  the  text  of  the  play  I  am 
deeply  indebted  to  two  of  my  former  co-workers  in 
community  drama:  to  Dr.  Orin  Grant  Libby,  Profes- 
sor of  History  in  the  University  of  North  Dakota,  for 
necessary  historical  data  and  for  his  inspiration  in 
interpreting  them;  and  to  Margaret  Plank  Ganssle, 
one  of  the  group  of  writers  of  our  first  Dakota  com- 
munal drama,  A  Pageant  of  the  North-West,  in  1914, 
for  her  important  collaboration  in  the  lyrics.  I  beg, 
also,  to  acknowledge  my  indebtedness  for  the  song, 
God  Save  Britannia's  Queen,  to  the  Shakespeare  Ter- 
centenary Masque,  Shakespeare,  The  Playmaker, 
written  likewise  in  collaboration  under  my  direction 
by  a  group  of  twenty  members  of  The  Dakota  Play- 
makers  in  1916,  and  published  originally  in  the 
Quarterly  Journal  of  the  University  of  North  Dakota. 

I  desire  to  express  my  appreciation  of  the  admira- 
ble civic  spirit  of  those  who  have  made  possible  the 
present  production.  Without  the  whole-hearted  co- 
operation of  the  various  organizations  of  the  city  of 
Raleigh,  the  original  design  of  Mr.  R.  D.  W.  Connor, 
Secretary  of  the  State  Literary  and  Historical  Asso- 
ciation of  North  Carolina,  and  of  my  esteemed  col- 
league in  the  University  of  North  Carolina,  Dr.  Ed- 
win Greenlaw,  could  not  have  become  a  reality. 

FREDERICK  H.  KOCH. 

CHAPEL  HILL,  NORTH  CAROLINA, 
AUGUST  8,  1920. 


Jforetoorfc 

TO  the  school-boy,  and  often  to  those  who  think 
only  now  and  then  of  the  more  serious  side  of 
their  youthful  training,  the  Founders  of  America  seem 
a  sober  people  who  braved  the  terrors  of  the  sea  and 
of  the  wilderness  in  order  that  they  might  worship  God 
according  to  the  dictates  of  their  own  conscience.  If 
we  seek  an  imaginative  background  for  visualizing 
these  venerable  people,  we  find  it  in  the  poem  by  Mrs. 
Hemans  about  the  stern  and  rock-bound  coast;  in  the 
first  Thanksgiving  of  Puritan  men  and  women,  mak- 
ing their  way  through  the  snow  to  the  meeting-house 
and  protected  against  the  Devil  by  the  Holy  Book 
and  against  the  Indians  by  their  muskets.  The  som- 
bre tales  of  Hawthorne  deepen  the  picture — "The 
Minister's  Black  Veil,"  "The  Gentle  Boy,"  and 
"Merrymount."  To  these  we  add  our  slender  remem- 
brances of  early  history — the  expulsion  of  Roger 
Williams,  the  witchcraft  delusion,  Jonathan  Edwards 
preaching  his  fiery  sermon  on  "Sinners  in  the  Hands 
of  an  Angry  God,"  and  finish  the  chapter  with  the 
scene  of  the  embattled  farmers  at  Concord  at  the  out- 
break of  the  Revolution.  It  is  true  that  a  few  stories 
of  colonial  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  linger  in  our 
memories  long  after  school  days  are  over,  and  that 
even  in  middle  age  we  sometimes  try  to  recapture  the 
delicious  romantic  thrill  once  felt  in  the  story  of 

113] 


14          Raleigh,  the  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean 

Pocahontas  and  Captain  John  Smith.  But  we  are  apt 
to  feel  that  these  are  excursions  into  the  land  of 
romance  and  that  what  Whitman  calls  the  real  real  is 
to  be  found  chiefly  in  the  stern  New  England  life  with 
its  pioneer  hardships,  its  sermons  three  hours  long, 
its  long  prayers,  and  the  New  England  Primer. 

Now  there  is  much  that  is  true  and  commendable 
in  this  attitude.  But  it  is  not  the  whole  truth.  The 
foundations  of  America  are  not  to  be  found  solely  in 
the  England  of  Cromwell,  but  also  in  the  England  of 
Elizabeth.  So  long  as  the  New  England  tradition 
dominated  American  literature,  American  life,  and  to 
a  certain  extent  American  theories  of  government, 
it  was  only  natural  that  schoolboys  and  girls  in  other 
parts  of  the  country  as  well  as  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Boston  and  New  York  should  be  brought  up  with  such 
an  imaginative  background.  The  New  England  idea 
contributed  the  town  meeting,  freedom  of  thought 
and  discussion,  a  lofty  religious  and  ethical  tradition. 
But  it  also  contributed,  from  the  nature  of  the  events 
of  our  history  from  the  landing  of  the  Mayflower  to 
the  Revolution,  certain  Hebraic  conceptions  of  na- 
tionality— an  abiding  consciousness  of  sin,  a  con- 
sciousness also  of  being  a  peculiar  people,  set  apart 
from  all  others  under  the  special  charge  of  God, 
while  from  this  apartness  and  from  the  necessities  of 
the  long  struggle  there  sprang  a  hatred  of  England 
that  has  lasted  for  generations. 


Foreword  15 

The  New  England  tradition,  fine  as  it  is,  and  deeply 
interwoven  in  the  strands  of  our  national  life,  is  after 
all  but  one  strand.  The  America  of  the  last  half 
century  is  far  nearer  the  earlier  English  tradition 
than  to  the  tradition  of  Cromwell's  time.  It  is  in  the 
sense  of  adventure  in  modern  life,  in  the  romance  of 
the  conquest  of  far-flung  prairies  and  of  mountains 
made  to  yield  their  treasure,  in  the  building  of  giant 
industries,  in  the  color  brought  by  emigrants  from 
every  corner  of  the  Old  World,  in  the  irrepressible 
confidence  of  youth  finding  it  an  easy  leap  to  pluck 
honor  from  the  pale-faced  moon,  that  we  find  our 
thought  of  America  today.  And  the  first-beginnings 
of  this  multifarious  life  we  find  in  the  adventure,  the 
romance,  the  daring  accomplishment,  the  color,  and 
the  youth  of  Elizabethan  England.  Not  in  Cotton 
Mather's  vast  learning  or  Jonathan  Edwards's  sermons 
or  in  Endicott's  repression  of  heresy  or  the  evolution 
of  an  ideal  of  religious  and  civil  liberty  do  we  come 
upon  the  sources  of  that  which  now  seems  most  truly 
American;  but  in  Shakespeare's  England,  and  in  the 
England  of  Drake  and  Gilbert  and  Walter  Raleigh. 
To  re-create  in  our  imagination  that  England,  to  see 
that  the  Puritan  tradition  is  but  a  part  of  a  complex 
and  fascinating  whole,  that  it  is  from  this  whole  that 
the  America  of  today  has  sprung — this  is  both  sound 
history  and  sound  patriotism. 

The  Raleigh  Tercentenary  Masque  which  Professor 


16          Raleigh,  the  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean 

Koch  has  written  will  aid  in  this  imaginative  re-crea- 
tion of  our  past.  It  gives  little  pictures  of  the  back- 
ground of  English  life  from  which  sprang  the  whole 
impulse  to  create  a  new  English  nation  across  the 
seas.  As  we  read,  or  as  we  look  upon  the  players 
who  revive  this  old  life  for  us,  the  mist  of  the  years 
is  lifted  and  we  are  translated  to  the  scenes  in  which 
Sidney  and  Raleigh  and  Drake  played  their  parts 
upon  the  world's  great  stage,  with  the  crowd  of  town 
and  country  folk  eager  to  show  respect  to  a  beloved 
sovereign  and  to  hear  tidings  brought  from  mysteri- 
ous stretches  of  ocean;  among  them,  too,  the  keen 
observer  of  all  this  life  who  wove  so  much  of  its 
spirit  into  the  great  dramas  which  are  our  richest 
heritage.  There  are  some  liberties  in  chronology  and 
fact,  yet  the  picture  as  a  whole  has  that  deeper  truth 
which  it  is  the  object  of  the  literature  of  the  imagi- 
nation to  convert  into  reality.  This  applies  not  only 
to  the  host  of  minor  characters  with  which  Mr.  Koch 
has  peopled  his  stage,  or  to  the  portraits  of  the  great 
dramatist  and  his  fellows,  but  in  such  incidents,  for 
example,  as  the  one  in  which  we  see  our  hero,  under 
the  spell  of  a  mighty  enchantment,  shed  his  years  like 
a  garment  and  stand  forth  clad  in  the  beauty  and 
strength  of  his  youth.  The  symbol  is  profoundly 
true  in  its  revelation  of  Raleigh's  character;  in  its 
expression  of  the  power  of  his  personality  over  the 
imagination  of  England,  to  whom  he  indeed  seemed 


Foreword  17 

one  whom  age  could  not  wither;  and  in  its  revelation 
of  the  national  spirit  itself. 

For  a  third  of  a  century  Walter  Raleigh  held  near- 
est his  heart  the  idea  of  an  English  nation  in  America. 
He  put  his  private  fortune  into  attempts  to  realize  this 
plan.  He  saw  in  it  the  only  way  to  countervail  the 
sinister  power  of  Spain.  When  he  was  at  liberty  he 
organized  colonies  or  went  himself  over  the  trackless 
wastes  of  ocean.  Like  Chaucer's  shipman,  he  had 
been  shaken  in  many  a  tempest.  When  he  was  in 
prison,  he  wrote  of  the  great  idea,  in  essays,  state 
papers,  and  stories  of  travel.  His  language  has  in  it 
the  tang  of  the  salt-water,  the  vision  of  vast  uncharted 
seas.  He  sought  not  merely  by  argument  but  by 
appeal  to  the  imagination  of  all  the  English  people  to 
inflame  them  with  enthusiasm  for  this  great  new 
world.  His  field  was  as  boundless  as  that  of  Bacon. 
The  one  had  taken  all  knowledge  to  be  his  province 
and  sought  to  inspire  men  to  bring  nature  under 
subjection.  The  other  took  the  new  world  and  all 
the  seas  that  laved  its  shores  to  be  his  province,  and 
sought  to  inspire  men  to  carry  the  high  traditions 
of  England  to  far-off  lands.  It  was  for  civilization, 
not  for  conquest.  In  the  twelve  years  of  his  prison 
life,  he  helped  to  convert  the  jail  into  England's  best 
university,  a  university  far  more  nearly  related  to  the 
destinies  of  his  people  than  Oxford  and  Cambridge. 
Libraries,  students  and  inquirers,  high  talk  of  matters 


18          Raleigh,  the  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean 

charged  with  human  destiny,  were  found  in  the  Tower 
where  prisoners  like  Raleigh,  Northumberland,  and 
others  spent  year  after  year.  Of  kings  such  as  the 
blinded  despot  who  ruled  England  Raleigh  left  a 
record  in  his  "History  of  the  World,"  written  in 
prison,  showing  forth  a  mighty  masque  of  those  whom 
he  called  "great  conquerors,  and  other  troublers  of  the 
world,"  all  of  them  brought  in  the  end  to  the  contempt 
and  failure  that  they  deserved.  In  his  laboratory  he 
conducted  experiments  for  the  advancement  of  scien- 
tific knowledge.  For  twelve  years  legally  dead,  his 
property  taken  from  him,  his  faithful  wife  forbidden, 
after  a  time,  to  visit  him,  this  wonderful  man  never 
ceased  to  dream  of  the  Grail  which  was  as  much  an 
object  of  desire  to  him  as  to  any  knight  of  Arthur's 
court. 

All  this  Professor  Koch  has  finely  and  truthfully 
expressed  in  his  Masque.  In  the  symbol  of  Orinoco 
we  have  a  conception  not  only  marked  by  poetic  and 
dramatic  imagination,  but  one  true  at  the  same  time 
to  the  spirit  of  allegory  so  constantly  met  in  Eliza- 
bethan England  and  to  the  facts  of  Raleigh's  life. 
The  Masque  here  presented  is  not  merely  an  example 
of  antiquarian  zeal.  It  is  not  merely  a  series  of  scenes 
from  the  life  and  time  of  this  great  ancestor  of  ours. 
It  is  an  interpretation  of  the  vision  out  of  which  the 
English  nation  in  America  was  to  come.  It  would  be 
pleasant,  more  satisfactory  perhaps  to  our  desire  for 


Foreword  19 

concreteness  and  order,  if  we  could  look  upon  Ra- 
leigh as  the  actual  founder  of  the  city  in  the  New 
World  that  today  bears  his  name,  could  think  of 
him  as  an  actual  pioneer,  like  Bradford  or  John 
Smith.  But  the  empire  of  the  spirit  of  man  tran- 
scends the  physical  realm  of  fact.  The  English  na- 
tion that  Raleigh  saw  in  vision  in  his  lonely  cell  or 
in  the  watches  of  the  night  when  he  kept  vigil  on  the 
little  vessel  that  plowed  the  vast  Atlantic,  is  greater 
and  far  more  powerful  than  it  could  ever  have  en- 
tered his  mind  to  conceive.  It  is  enough  for  us  that 
he  saw  the  first  step  that  was  to  be  taken  in  a  mighty 
evolution,  saw  it  when  every  consideration  of  worldly 
prudence  bade  him  deny  it,  held  to  it  in  imprison- 
ment, in  disgrace  and  poverty,  and  died  for  it  at  last. 
This  fundamental  truth  is  ready  for  us  as  we  look 
upon  this  Masque  of  the  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean.  On 
the  one  hand  the  narrow  and  selfish  policy  of  the  king 
and  his  ministers;  the  certainty  to  all  who  read  the 
records  that  no  one  of  his  judges  and  accusers  caught 
the  faintest  understanding  of  his  vision  of  England's 
destiny;  the  fear  of  the  untried  path  and  the  expedi- 
ency of  narrow  politicians.  On  the  other  the  shining 
vision,  the  never-failing  courage,  the  sense  of  a  des- 
tiny against  which  king  and  party,  apparently  all 
powerful,  yet  strive  in  vain.  On  earth  his  reward 
was  prison,  poverty,  death  on  the  scaffold.  Yet  that 
scaffold  swayed  the  future.  He  was  not  alone. 


20          Raleigh,  the  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean 

Others  had  caught  the  same  vision,  and  with  him  fired 
the  imaginations  of  men. 

From  these  beginnings,  behold  how  mighty  a  nation 
has  sprung!  And  as  we  look  from  our  city  of  Raleigh 
in  North  America  upon  this  fragmentary  interpreta- 
tion of  the  beginnings  of  one  of  earth's  greatest  evo- 
lutions, we  may  gain,  once  more,  the  truth  that  out 
of  f aithfulness  to  an  ideal  against  whatever  odds,  out 
of  willingness  to  think  new  thoughts  and  even  to  ven- 
ture, if  need  be,  upon  seas  yet  uncharted,  a  new 
victory  may  be  won,  provided  only  that  the  end  of  all 
our  striving  be  the  glory  of  God  and  the  relief  of 
man's  estate.  Democracy,  born  in  experiment,  is 
itself  a  continued  experiment.  The  America  of  1920 
may  have  its  vision  as  well  as  the  England  of  Eliza- 
beth and  James.  And  we  who  are  the  America  of 
today  may  sit  at  the  feet  of  the  Stuart  king  or,  with 
Raleigh,  press  on  to  new  worlds. 

EDWIN  GREENLAW. 


Character*  &epregenteb 

THE  PROLOGUE,  THE  INTERLUDES,  AND 
THE  EPILOGUE 

THE  HERALDS 

THE  SPIRIT  OF  YOUTH 

THE  CHORUS  OF  SHEPHERDS 

THE  FIRST  PART:  RALEIGH,  THE  SHEPHERD  OF 
THE  OCEAN 

Episode  1:     The  Spanish  Armada,  1588 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 

QUEEN  ELIZABETH 

THE  EARL  OF  ESSEX 

SIR  FRANCIS  DRAKE 

HENRY  HOWARD,  Earl  of  Northampton 

WILLIAM  SHAKESPEARE 

EDMUND  SPENSER 

JOHN  WHITE,  Governor  of  Virginia 

MANTEO  AND  WANCHESE,  natives  from  Virginia 

THE  MASTER  OF  CEREMONIES 

Sir  Philip  Sidney,  Lord  Burleigh,  Sir  Christopher  Hatton, 
Sir  John  Hawkins,  Sir  Martin  Frobisher,  The  Usher  of 
the  Black  Rod,  Gentlemen  Pensioners,  Elizabeth  Throg- 
morton  and  other  Ladies-in- Waiting,  Pages,  and  a  Jester. 

Merchants  and  tradesmen  of  London,  their  wives  and  sweet- 
hearts and  children;  the  Host  of  "The  Boar's  Head"; 
soldiers  and  mariners  of  England. 

Episode  II:     Raleigh's  Vision  of  the  New  World,  1596 
SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 
THE  EARL  OF  ESSEX 
WILLIAM  SHAKESPEARE 
THE  LORD  MAYOR  OF  LONDON 
SEA-CAPTAINS  OF  THE  VICTORY  OF  CADIZ:  Sir  George  Carew, 

Sir  Francis  Vere,  Sir  Edward  Wingfield,  Captain  Bagnoll, 

Captain  Medick;  soldiers  and  mariners. 

[21] 


22  Raleigh,  the  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean 

POETS  AND  PLAYMAKERS:  Ben  Jonson,  Francis  Beaumont, 
John  Fletcher,  Edmund  Spenser,  Francis  Bacon. 

THE  FESTIVAL  GROUP:  Townspeople  and  country-folk,  in- 
cluding morris  dancers,  peddlers,  pastry-cooks,  fruit 
venders,  a  Dragon,  a  Hobbyhorse,  a  Bedlam  beggar,  a 
gypsy  dancer,  a  puppet-master,  an  alchemist,  a  tapster, 
woodsmen,  milkmaids,  a  chimney-sweep,  a  juggler,  a 
Puritan,  a  Jack-in-the-Green,  Robin  Hood,  Will  Stukely, 
Friar  Tuck,  and  Maid  Marian. 

THE  SECOND  PART:  THE  MARTYRDOM  OF  RALEIGH 
Episode  I:     The  Lure  of  the  Orinoco,  1617 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 

AN  OLD  SERVANT 

VENEZUELA,  Queen  of  the  Carribean 

THE  SPIRIT  OF  THE  ORINOCO,  a  water-sprite 

PANTOMIME  FIGURES:  Raleigh,  the  courtier,  and  Queen  Eliza- 
beth; Elizabeth  Throgmorton;  Governor  White  of  Vir- 
ginia; Manteo  and  Wanchese;  Lady  Raleigh  and  her 
children;  a  group  of  sea-captains  of  Cadiz. 

Episode  II:     Raleigh's  Last  Venture,  1617 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 

WALTER  RALEIGH,  his  oldest  son 

A  HERALD 

KING  JAMES  THE  FIRST 

GEORGE  VILLJERS,  Duke  of  Buckingham 

THE  COMPANY  OF  RALEIGH,  consisting  of  sixty  gentlemen  of 

rank,  sea-captains,  soldiers,  and  mariners. 
A  GROUP  OF  COURTIERS,  in  attendance  on  the  King 
THE  SPIRIT  OF  THE  ORINOCO,  a  water-sprite 

Episode  III:     The  Sacrifice,  October  29,  1618 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 

THE  DEAN  OF  WESTMINSTER 

A  SPY  OF  THE  GOVERNMENT 

SEVERAL  GENTLEMEN,  friends  of  Raleigh 

THE  BELLMAN 


THE    BIRTHPLACE   OF    SIR   WALTER   RALEL 
Hayes  Barton,  near  Budleigh-Salterton,  Devon 


THE  PROLOGUE 


123] 


The  defeat  of  the  Invincible  Armada  was  the  opening 
event  in  the  history  of  the  United  States.  It  was  the  event 
that  made  all  the  rest  possible.  Without  it  the  attempts  at 
Jamestown  and  Plymouth  could  hardly  have  had  more  suc- 
cess than  the  attempt  at  Roanoke  Island.  An  infant  colony 
is  like  an  army  at  the  end  of  a  long  line  of  communication; 
it  perishes  if  the  line  is  cut.  Before  England  could  plant 
thriving  states  in  America  she  must  control  the  ocean  routes. 
The  far-sighted  Raleigh  understood  the  conditions  of  the 
problem.  When  he  smote  the  Spaniards  at  Cadiz  he  knew 
it  was  a  blow  struck  for  America.  He  felt  the  full  signifi- 
cance of  the  defeat  of  the  Armada,  and  in  spite  of  all  his 
disappointments  in  Virginia,  he  never  lost  heart. — [Fiske: 
Old  Virginia  and  Her  Neighbors,  Vol.  I,  p.  39.] 


124] 


&i)e  prologue 

[The  Pageant  is  announced  by  three  trumpet  calls  from 
the  HERALDS.] 

[Enter  THE  CHORUS  OF  SHEPHERDS,  representing  the  chil- 
dren of  Raleigh.  Their  kirtles  are  white.,  the  white  of 
promise.  Over  these  rude  sheep  skins  are  worn.] 

Youth,  Youth,  Spirit  of  Youth, 
The  world  yearns  for  thee 
As  the  blind  yearn  to  see; 
Youth,  Youth,  speak  of  the  Truth. 

[THE  SPIRIT  OF  YOUTH  enters  in  response  to  the  chant  of 
the  CHORUS.  In  his  hand  he  bears  a  shepherd's  crook. 
His  step  is  lithe  and  free.  He  speaks  with  radiant 
tones — the  spirit  of  indomitable  life.] 

THE  SPIRIT  OF  YOUTH 

Children  of  Youth,  believers  in  Youth, 

Lovers  of  Youth's  heart  of  flame, 

Behold  from  out  the  Gates  of  Yesterday . 

There  comes  the  gallant  figure  of  a  knight, 

Whose  bravery  and  fame  once  stirred  the  world, 

Sir  Walter  Raleigh — knight  indeed  was  he — 

A  knight  of  high  adventure,  courage  sure; 

A  knight,  who,  to  the  end  of  time,  shall  be 

A  leader  in  the  hazardous  advance 

Of  dauntless  Youth,  forever  blazing  trails 

That  lead  to  spacious  lands  of  higher  hope. 

Old  England's  son  was  he,  and  proud  to  boast 

That  England's  air  had  vivified  his  dust. 

He  interspersed  the  sea  with  channels  wide, 

Through  which,  as  from  a  mother's  teeming  breast, 

[25J 


26          Raleigh,  the  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean 

We  gained  our  nurture  straight  from  English  source, 

Our  love  of  justice,  democratic  rule. 

And  we,  the  children  of  Old  England,  now, 

Today,  commemorate  with  English  kin 

The  execution  of  our  gallant  Raleigh, 

Who,  noble-hearted  to  his  tragic  ending, 

Alone  on  God's  highway  fared  bravely  forth. 

We,  conscious  of  the  debt  which  children  owe 

Unto  the  parent  who  has  suckled  them, 

Join  now  our  hands  today  across  the  sea — 

With  English  brothers  over  all  the  seas — 

Making  this  anniversary  to  serve 

A  two-fold  purpose, — praise  to  Walter  Raleigh, 

And  with  fair  England, — union,  brotherhood. 

THE  CHORUS  OF  SHEPHERDS 

Youth,  Youth,  Spirit  of  Youth, 
The  world  yearns  for  thee 
As  the  blind  yearn  to  see; 
Youth,  Youth,  speak  of  the  Truth. 


THE  FIRST  PART 
RALEIGH,  THE  SHEPHERD  OF  THE  OCEAN 


127] 


Thus  on  the  sand  banks  that  guard  the  eastern  shores  of 
North  Carolina  the  English  race  laid  its  first  firm  grasp  on 
the  North  American  continent.  How  unconscious  were  those 
obscure  English  sailors  that  they  were  enacting  one  of  the 
greatest  scenes  in  the  world's  history!  Three  hundred  years 
have  gone  yet  even  we,  after  all  the  tremendous  results  that 
have  followed  in  their  train,  cannot  yet  fully  appreciate  the 
vast  significance  of  that  simple  ceremony.  For  then  and 
there,  on  the  North  Carolina  coast,  Englishmen  first  set  foot 
on  American  soil  with  a  view  to  permanent  possession,  and 
that  event,  rather  than  the  defeat  of  the  Invincible  Armada, 
"was  the  opening  event  in  the  history  of  the  United  States." 
— Connor:  The  Beginnings  of  English  America,  p.  11. 


QUEEN  ELIZABETH 
From  the  painting  by  Zucchcro  in  the  National  Portrait  Gallery 


^>panis{)  glrmaba,  1588 

TIME:  The  eve  of  the  "Invincible  Armada,"  in  the 
summer  of  1588. 

SCENE:  Harrow  Field  on  the  Thames  River  in  the 
suburbs  of  London.  The  front  of  the  Boar's  Head 
Inn  is  visible  at  the  left.  Preparations  have  been 
made  for  the  review  of  the  troops  by  Queen  Elizabeth 
as  a  part  of  the  comprehensive  war-plan  for  the  de- 
fense of  the  realm,  made  necessary  by  the  threatened 
invasion  of  England  by  the  Spanish  Armada  of 
Philip  II.  At  the  right  on  a  dais,  erected  for  the  occa- 
sion, is  a  high  gilded  throne  bearing  the  arms  of 
England.  It  is  appropriately  festooned  with  many- 
colored  flowers. 

[The  scene  opens  with  a  happy  concourse  of  representa- 
tive townsfolk  flocking  in — merchants  and  tradesmen 
of  London,  with  their  wives  and  sweethearts,  and  a  host 
of  trooping  children — all  in  holiday  dress.  There  is 
also  a  group  of  sailor  lads,  a  company  of  young  girls, 
their  arms  filled  with  garlands  of  field  flowers,  which 
they  are  busily  adding  to  the  decorations  of  the  scene, 
and  a  ubiquitous  JESTER  with  his  madcap  quirks.  All 
have  been  rehearsing  the  songs  and  dances,  prepared  in 
honor  of  the  good  QUEEN  BESS  for  this  occasion — the 
review  by  THE  QUEEN,  of  the  seamen  and  soldiers  of 
the  realm,  in  the  final  preparations  for  the  impending 
grapple  with  the  navy  of  Spain.] 

[THE  MASTER  OF  CEREMONIES  now  marshals  the  people 
hurriedly  to  their  appointed  places  for  the  rehearsal  of 
the  song,  God  Save  Britannia's  Queen,  which  they  have 
prepared  especially  for  this  occasion.  THE  JESTER 
darts  about  interrupting  the  arrangements  with  his 
pranks,  leaving  confusion  in  his  wake.] 

[29] 


30          Raleigh,  the  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean 

THE  MASTER  OF  CEREMONIES 

[At  the  conclusion  of  the  song]  And  now  let  us  try 
the  dances. 

[In  a  twinkling  a  wild  country  dance  is  in  full  swing.  It 
is  interrupted  almost  immediately,  however,  by  a  salvo 
of  trumpets  announcing  the  arrival  of  THE  QUEEN.  The 
dancers  cease  instantly,  transfixed  with  expectancy. 
Then,  headed  by  THE  MASTER  OF  CEREMONIES,  they 
rush  off  to  meet  THE  QUEEN,  and  presently  return  ush- 
ering her  to  the  great  throne,  cheering  with  unrestrained 
enthusiasm.  Two  ladies-in-waiting,  four  pages,  THE 
EARL  OF  ESSEX  and  SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH  accompany 
QUEEN  ELIZABETH.] 

[ QUEEN  ELIZABETH  £5  in  her  fifty- fourth  year  at  this  time. 
She  is  of  medium  stature,  richly  dressed,  and  of  com- 
manding presence.  Her  face  is  long,  fair  in  complex- 
ion, and,  although  somewhat  wrinkled,  the  ravages  of 
time  are  hidden  as  well  as  paint  and  powder  can 
conceal  them.  Her  small  eyes  are  keen  but  kindly, 
her  nose  slightly  hooked,  her  lips  thin.  She  wears  a 
light  auburn  wig,  dyed  to  simulate  the  brilliant  color 
of  her  own  hair  in  her  youth.  THE  EARL  OF  ESSEX, 
QUEEN  ELIZABETH'S  favorite,  is  a  remarkably  handsome 
man,  tall  of  stature,  and  dignified  in  bearing.] 

[Sm  WALTER  RALEIGH1  is  tall  and  well  proportioned, 
with  a  high  forehead,  rich,  dark  hair  and  beard,  a  fine 
face  radiant  with  life.] 

[There  is  also  SIR  FRANCIS  DRAKE,  HENRY  HOWARD,  EARL 
OF  NORTHAMPTON,  the  noble  and  chivalrous  SIR  PHILIP 
SIDNEY,  the  sage  LORD  BURLEIGH,  the  gallant  SIR  CHRIS- 

1  Raleigh's  name  is  spelt  in  many  ways.  Stebbing  cites  seventy- 
four  forms  known  to  have  been  current.  Raleigh  himself,  down  to 
1583,  generally  wrote  Rauley;  he  also  wrote  Rawleyghe,  Rauleigh, 
Raleghe,  and  Ralegh.  "The  spelling  Raleigh,  which  posterity  has 
preferred,  happens  to  be  one  he  is  not  known  to  have  ever  employed/' 
—Stebbing:  Sir  Walter  Ralegh,  pp.  30-3i: 


The  Spanish  Armada,  1588  31 

TOPHER  HATTON,  accompanied  by  SIR  JOHN  HAWKINS, 
SIR  MARTIN  FROBISHER,  the  USHER  OF  THE  BLACK  ROD, 
and  several  gentlemen  pensioners.} 

[THE  EARL  OF  ESSEX  and  SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH  very 
ceremoniously  assist  THE  QUEEN  to  the  throne,  the 
pages  carrying  a  silken  canopy  over  her,  and  the  two 
ladies-in-waiting  lifting  her  train.  The  crowd  cheers 
in  wild  enthusiasm.  With  no  little  difficulty  THE  MAS- 
TER OF  CEREMONIES  succeeds  in  silencing  the  uproar.] 

THE  MASTER  OF  CEREMONIES 

[Pompously]  To  your  places,  all  of  you!  Make 
haste! 

With  your  Majesty's  gracious  permission  [with  a 
deep  bow]  we  will  sing  a  song  prepared  especially 
for  your  Highness,  and  for  this  momentous  time. 

[QuEEN  ELIZABETH,  seating  herself,  smiles  a  gracious 
assent,  and  the  song  is  sung  lustily  by  all  the  people.] 

God  save  Britannia's  Queen! 

God  save  her  Majesty! 

Bless  e'en  the  earth  beneath  her  feet; 

Bless  this  her  isle,  her  royal  seat; 

Let  all  who  hear  her  name  repeat, 

God  save  her  Majesty! 

God  save  Britannia's  Queen! 

God  save  her  Majesty! 

This  throned  isle,  this  home  of  kings, 

This  land  where  laughter  ever  rings, 

Where  every  echo  loudly  sings, 

God  save  her  Majesty! 


32          Raleigh,  the  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean 

God  save  Britannia's  Queen! 
God  save  her  Majesty! 
Let  every  loyal  British  son, 
Support  the  right  'till  life  is  done. 
"Dieu  et  mon  droit" — the  victory  won; 
God  save  her  Majesty! 

[At  the  conclusion  of  the  song,  QUEEN  ELIZABETH  smiles 
with  gracious  approval.] 

QUEEN  ELIZABETH 
I  thank  you,  my  good  people. 

[Twenty  of  the  townspeople,  with  their  wives,  and  several 
of  the  sailors,  advance  and  perform  a  country  dance. 

[The  dance  is  interrupted  suddenly  by  a  trumpet  call. 
A  page  rushes  in  and,  dropping  upon  one  knee  before 
THE  QUEEN,  offers  her  a  letter.  She  reads  it  in  haste, 
then  rises. 

[While  all  are  intent  upon  THE  QUEEN'S  actions, 
RALEIGH,  forgetting  his  duty,  is  paying  amorous  court 
to  one  of  THE  QUEEN'S  maids-in-waiting,  the  beautiful 
golden-haired  ELIZABETH  THROGMORTON,  whom  he  af- 
terwards married.2  THE  QUEEN,  noticing  this,  rebukes 
RALEIGH  sharply.] 

QUEEN  ELIZABETH 

[With  evident  temper]  In  this  hour  of  England's 
peril,  mayhap  your  Queen  may  claim  your  service, 
Master  Raleigh. 

2  The  courtship  of  Elizabeth  Throgmorton  by  Walter  Raleigh  is 
here  antedated  by  several  years,  but  the  incident  is  thoroughly  charac- 
teristic. The  Queen's  temper  at  this  time  was  extremely  exacting 
and  uncertain.  By  this  action  he  brought  upon  himself  the  loss  of 
royal  favor  and  imprisonment  in  the  Tower. 


The  Spanish  Armada,  1588  33 

[RALEIGH  starts,  hastens  to  THE  QUEEN'S  side,  and  kneel- 
ing awaits  her  command.] 

Your  arm,  my  Lord  of  Essex. 

[RALEIGH  thus  rebuked,  retires  for  fear  of  bringing  upon 
himself  further  royal  wrath,  and  QUEEN  ELIZABETH 
turns  to  address  the  people.] 

QUEEN  ELIZABETH 

My  good  people  all,  I  am  summoned  to  a  council  of 
grave  import,  and  must  away  at  once.  I  regret  that  I 
must  leave  your  merry-makings. 

By  your  leave,  my  Lord  of  Essex. 

[She  hurries  out  with  the  EARL  OF  ESSEX,  LORD  HOWARD 
and  her  attendants,  RALEIGH  following  in  the  rear. 

[When  the  surprise  over  the  sudden  summons  of  THE 
QUEEN  has  subsided,  the  people  turn  again  to  their 
games,  and  the  morris  dancers  begin  their  play.] 

[SiR  FRANCIS  DRAKE  and  the  other  sea-captains  returning, 
seat  themselves  at  the  tables  before  the  Boar's  Head 
tavern  and  call  loudly  for  ale.] 

SIR  FRANCIS  DRAKE 

The  review  of  troops  is  delayed  by  this  sudden  sum- 
mons of  the  Queen  to  the  council.  Gallants,  let  us 
drink  while  we  await  her  here.  What  ho !  mine  host, 
ale!  ale! 

[Now  enters  a  group  of  poets  and  playmakers — BEN  JON- 
SON,  EDMUND  SPENSER,  FRANCIS  BEAUMONT  and  JOHN 
FLETCHER,  and  WILL  SHAKESPEARE,  now  twenty-four 
years  of  age  and  but  three  years  resident  in  London. 
With  them  is  the  brilliant  young  scholar,  FRANCIS 
BACON.] 


34  Raleigh,  the  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean 

SIR  FRANCIS  DRAKE 

Well  met,  my  hearties,  rare  old  Ben  and  Master 
Spenser,  and  all  of  you.  And  how  fares  our  young 
player,  Shakespeare?  I  hear  you  are  devising  now  a 
comedy,  quaint  and  fanciful.  Beaumont,  Fletcher, 
and  our  youthful  philosopher,  Francis  Bacon — you 
are  right  welcome  here.  Sit  and  drink  a  round  with  us. 

And  Master  Raleigh  has  come  back  to  join  us,  and 
with  him  his  two  rare  monsters  from  Virginia. 

[RALEIGH  has  entered  with  a  group  of  gaudily  decorated 
Indians,  decked  with  elaborate  trappings,  and  conspicu- 
ous head-dresses,  sent  him  from  his  colony  of  Virginia. 
The  red  men  stand  in  silent  dignity,  while  the  company, 
especially  young  SHAKESPEARE,  gazes  upon  them  with 
staring  curiosity.] 

[SHAKESPEARE  curiously  observes  the  red  men.  He  is 
evidently  much  interested  in  them.  The  Indians  seat 
themselves  toward  the  front  of  the  scene  and  fill  their 
long  pipes  with  tobacco.3] 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 
Mine  host,  a  light  for  their  pipes. 

[THE  HOST  goes  out  and  returns  with  a  lighted  torch 
which  he  holds  out  awkwardly.  The  Indians  then  go 
through  the  ceremonial  of  the  pipe,  one  of  them  picking 
up  a  splinter  of  wood  from  the  ground  with  which  to 
light  the  tobacco.  Then  rising,  both  Indians  perform 
the  ceremony  of  turning  the  lighted  pipes  to  the  four 
quarters  of  the  sky,  intently  watched  by  all  the  com- 

3  Raleigh  caused  tobacco  (called  by  the  Indians  Yppowoc)  to  be 
introduced  into  England  from  his  American  colony,  about  this  time. 
He  had  a  silver  pipe,  modelled  after  the  Indian  stone  pipes,  in  which 
he  was  exceedingly  fond  of  smoking  the  Indian  Yppowoc. 


The  Spanish  Armada,  1588  35 

pony.    Then  they  calmly  seat  themselves  and  smoke  in 
silence.     THE  HOST  beats  out  the  torch  on  the  ground.] 

SIR  FRANCIS  DRAKE 

[Banteringly]  Sir  Walter,  will  you  not  smoke  with 
your  friends,  the  aborigines?  F  faith,  I'll  see  to  it 
that  your  servant  does  not  drench  you  with  ale  this 
time. 

[All  laugh  loudly.] 

SHAKESPEARE 

Shall  posterity  credit  you  with  having  introduced 
such  monsters  and  such  savage  weeds  as  this  tobacco? 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 

Nay,  Master  Will,  enough  now  of  your  chiding. 
Not  monsters  these,  but  "lustie  men,"  as  Barlow 
called  them,  natives  of  America  and  princes  of  their 
own  people.  Wanchese  and  Manteo  they  are  called. 
Though  "savage  in  their  behavior,"  they  are  "as  man- 
nerly and  civil  as  any  in  Europe."  Our  colonists 
"were  entertained  by  them  with  all  love  and  kind- 
ness and  with  as  much  bountie  (after  their  manner) 
as  they  could  possibly  devise."  They  brought  our 
people  for  friendly  gifts  "divers  kindes  of  fruits, 
Melons,  Walnuts,  Cucumbers,  Gourdes,  Pease,  and 
divers  rootes,  and  f  ruites  very  excellent  good,  and  of 
their  Countrey  corne,  which  is  very  white,  faire  and 
well  tasted."  4 

4  "We  brought  home  also  two  of  the  Savages,  being  lustie  men, 
whose  names  were  Wanchese  and  Manteo." — Barlow's  report  of  the 
first  expedition  and  the  discovery  of  Virginia,  1584,  printed  in  Hack- 
luyt's  Voyages. 


36          Raleigh,  the  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean 

SHAKESPEARE 
And  will  they  long  remain  in  England? 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 

No,  Master  Will,  they  will  return  presently  to  their 
own  country  with  our  worthy  Governor  of  Virginia. 

SHAKESPEARE 

But  does  John  White  return  so  soon  to  your  "Citie 
of  Ralegh  in  Virginia?"5 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 

Aye,  that  he  does;  our  kinsmen  there  are  now  in 
sore  distress.  Their  stores  are  gone  and  winter  comes 
anon.  Our  brave  Governor  must  hasten  back  immedi- 
ately with  supplies,  lest  they  perish — in  that  stark 
wilderness  of  Hatteras. 

SHAKESPEARE 

And  is  their  "isle  of  Roanoke"  in  winter  then  but 
vasty  wilderness? 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 

In  winter,  aye,  but  in  the  goodly  spring  it  is  re- 
ported a  veritable  paradise  of  Nature,  "Soile  the  most 

5  "In  the  yeere  of  our  Lord  1587,  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  intending  to 
persevere  in  planting  of  his  Countrey  of  Virginia,  prepared  a  new 
Colonie  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  men  to  be  sent  thither,  under  the 
charge  of  John  White,  whom  hee  appointed  Governour,  and  also  ap- 
pointed unto  him  twelve  Assistants,  unto  whom  he  gave  a  Charter, 
and  incorporated  them  by  the  name  of  Governour  and  Assistants  of 
the  Citie  of  Ralegh  in  Virginia."— Hackluyt's  Voyages. 


The  Spanish  Armada,  1588  37 

plentiful  sweet,  fruitfull  and  wholesome  of  all  the 
world, above  fourteene  several  sweet  smell- 
ing timber  trees, the  highest  and  reddest 

Cedars  of  the  world."  The  shores  are  sandy,  "but  so 
full  of  grapes  as  the  very  beating  and  surge  of  the  Sea 

overflowed  them,"  and  "in  such  plenty both 

on  the  sand  and  on  the  greene  soile  on  the  hills"  that 
"the  like  abundance"  cannot  be  found  "in  all  the 
world."6 

Here  comes  our  gallant  Governor  even  now,  to  take 
his  leave. 

[GOVERNOR  JOHN  WHITE  of  Virginia  enters  in  haste.] 

GOVERNOR  WHITE 

Farewell,  good  Master  Walter.  My  sails  are  set, 
and  I  must  hasten  forth  again  to  our  brave  colonists 
across  the  seas,  to  bring  them  news  of  home,  and 
goodly  stores  of  food  against  the  lonely  winter  there. 

I  yearn  to  touch  again  the  shores  of  Hatteras,  to  see 
again  my  fair  child  Eleanor,  and  clasp  her  sweet 
young  babe,  Virginia  Dare!  Virginia  Dare!  well 
christened  so — the  first-born  of  our  English  pioneers 
in  new  America!7 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 

God  speed  thee  on  thy  way,  good  Governor,  and 
bring  thee  safely  back  to  Roanoke,  to  our  brave  kins- 

6  Barlow's  report  in  Hackluyt's  Voyages. 

7  Ananias  Dare,  one  of  Governor  White's  assistants,  was  his  son-in- 
law.     On  August  18,  1587,  Eleanor,  wife  of  Ananias  Dare,  gave  birth 
to  a  daughter  who  was  christened  on  the  following  Sunday,  Virginia, 
because  she  was  "the  first  Christian  born  in  Virginia."    The  State  of 
North  Carolina  has  commemorated  the  event  by  naming  the  county 
which  embraces  the  birthplace,  Dare  County. 


38          Raleigh,  the  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean 

men  there  and  to  the  fair  Virginia!  Would  I  could 
with  you  to  Virginia,  but  England  needs  me  here  at 
home  in  her  defense. 

[GOVERNOR  WHITE  takes  his  leave.} 

[A  cannon-shot  is  heard.    RALEIGH  springs  to  his  feet.] 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 

Tis  the  signal  gun!  But,  gentles  all,  we  will  make 
short  work  of  this  "Invincible  Armada."  We  will 
speedily  sweep  clean  the  seas  of  all  these  tyrant  foes 
and  clear  a  path  to  the  New  World  o'er  which,  years 
hence,  ships  shall  freely  pass  bearing  their  precious 
freight  of  English  men  and  maids  and  all  their  house- 
hold gear,  to  rear  their  homes  and  build  their  hearth- 
fires  in  that  wide  land,  Virginia.  There  shall  arise  in 
coming  years  goodly  states,  fair  cities;  and  a  new  and 
gallant  folk — our  kin  and  brothers — shall  in  the  years 
to  come  clasp  hands  with  us  in  Britain  here,  in  worthy 
emprise  and  in  desperate  venture  'gainst  grim-faced 
tyranny. 

SPENSER 

[Leaping  up  and  lifting  high  his  bumper  of  ale.] 

Bravo,  Master  Walter!  Here  I  hail  and  name  thee 
"The  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean."8 


8  Whom  I  asked  from  what  place  he  came, 
And  how  he  hight,  himself  he  did  ycleepe 
The  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean  by  name, 
And  said  he  came  far  from  the  main-sea  deep. 

Spenser's  The  Faerie  Queene. 


The  Spanish  Armada,  1588  39 

ALL 

[Rising,  lift  their  bumpers  and,  drinking,  shout.] 

The  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean!  The  Shepherd  of  the 
Ocean ! 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 

Good  comrades  all,  my  friend,  Sir  Edmund,  has 
overpraised  too  much,  as  is  his  wont  when  warmth  of 
comradeship  his  muse  inspires.  We  are  the  true 
knights-errant  of  the  seas,  and  when  we  enter  the  lists 
with  our  good  ocean  steeds,  'gainst  Philip's  host  of 
ships  in  wide  array,  though  mountain  high,  the  red- 
dened waves  with  wide  wreckage  strewn,  shall  leave 
this  brave  Armada,  but  vast  and  reeking  ruin. 

LORD  HOWARD 

[Entering  in  haste.] 

Captains  all,  I  have  just  ridden  down  from  the  quay 
where  a  swift  ship  has  come  with  tidings  that  the  great 
Armada  has  been  sighted  and  is  coming  up  the  chan- 
nel. The  Queen  will  be  here  anon  to  attend  the  last 
muster  of  our  troops.  Let  us  to  our  posts  to  await 
her  arrival. 

[They  all  go  off  in  haste.  In  the  distance  trumpet-calls 
and  alarms  are  heard,  cannon  shots  and  rolling  drums.] 

[The  Indians  left  behind,  the  innkeeper  gestures  them  to 
rise.  They,  however,  remain  stolid.  In  despair  he 
calls  out,  "Sir  Walter,  Sir  Walter!"  running  off  for 
assistance.  The  prentices  are  afraid  to  move  as  or- 
dered. At  length  at  their  own  will  the  red  men  rise 
slowly  and  move  off  with  great  dignity,  the  drawers 
scurrying  before  them.] 


40  Raleigh,  the  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean 

[Then  enter  the  files  of  soldiers  bearing  muskets,  and  the 
seamen  bearing  pikes,  their  officers  preceding.  A  can- 
non is  trundled  in.  All  take  their  stations.  The  en- 
trance of  a  herald  and  a  trumpet-call  announce  the 
arrival  of  QUEEN  ELIZABETH,  on  horseback  and  clad  in 
armor.  She  is  attended  by  the  sea-captains  and  other 
officers  on  horseback,  headed  by  the  two  commanders, 
LORD  HOWARD  and  SIR  FRANCIS  DRAKE;  then  SIR  WAL- 
TER RALEIGH  and  the  rest.  All  dismount  except  THE 
QUEEN.  LORD  HOWARD,  giving  his  horse  to  an  attend- 
ant, stands  at  THE  QUEEN'S  bridle.  All  salute.'] 

LORD  HOWARD 

Your  Majesty,  my  gracious  Queen,  you  see  before 
you  here  a  small  portion  of  the  forces  with  which  by 
land  and  sea  we  do  propose  to  meet  the  Spanish  hosts. 

QUEEN  ELIZABETH 

'Tis  a  goodly  company,  my  Lord  Howard. 

Gentlemen  of  England,  brave  soldiers,  stalwart  sea- 
men of  our  royal  isle,  I  have  appointed  Lord  Howard 
and  Sir  Francis  here  commanders  of  all  our  English 
hosts  by  sea  and  land.  And  these  gallant  captains, 
Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  Sir  Martin  Frobisher,  and  Sir 
John  Hawkins,  no  less  in  valor  and  in  honorable 
achievements,  will  see  their  orders  executed.  The 
sacred  soil  of  Britain  shall  repulse  the  proud  invader. 
Never  while  I  draw  breath  as  Queen,  shall  foreign 
foot  be  planted  on  our  shores.  Men  of  England,  all 
Europe  stands  with  bated  breath,  awaiting  the  issue  of 
Philip's  venture  here. 

We  have  in  London  here  a  gentle  player,  as  yet 
obscure.  Some  lines  of  his  I  chanced  upon  not  long 
ago  will  serve  our  purpose  now: 


Si 


<jj  8  0 

WH  to  "*^ 

*  !§-  « 

W  o  * 

M  ^ 

5  °  -4^> 

2  s  § 

OD  S  S: 


&    -^     o 
O     o 

*  si 

-<     c 

S  'I  I 

w  fS 

O      fc       =8 

w   £>  1 

Bll 


The  Spanish  Armada,  1588  41 

"And  you,  good  yeomen, 

Whose  limbs  were  made  in  England,  show  us  here 
The  mettle  of  your  pasture:  let  us  swear 
That  you  are  worth  your  breeding;  which  I  doubt  not; 
For  there  is  none  of  you  so  mean  and  base, 
That  hath  not  noble  luster  in  your  eyes. 
I  see  you  stand  like  greyhounds  in  the  slips, 
Straining  upon  the  start." 

Gentlemen,  to  horse!  The  great  Armada  awaits 
us.  God  defend  the  right!  To  arms!  For  your 
Queen,  for  England,  and  St.  George! 

[Tumultuous  cheering.  The  sailors  toss  up  their  caps. 
The  people  follow  THE  QUEEN  and  the  troops,  shouting 
and  cheering,  wild  with  enthusiasm.] 


9  This  passage  glows  with  the  spirit  of  the  struggle  against  the 
Armada,  and  may  conceivably  have  been  struck  off  by  Shakespeare  in 
the  heat  of  patriotic  fervor,  and  used  later  in  King  Henry  the  Fifth. 


interlude 

[Chanting,  THE  CHORUS  OF  SHEPHERDS  enters.  Their 
kirtles  are  white,  as  before — for  never  was  promise 
more  fair  than  the  promise  of  England's  future.] 

[THE  SPIRIT  OF  YOUTH  now  unfurls  the  splendid  banner 
of  Old  England,  and,  planting  it  in  the  center  of  the 
stage  to  suggest  the  triumph  of  England  over  the  Ar- 
mada, speaks.] 

THE  SPIRIT  OF  YOUTH 

And  yet  again,  this  famous  figure  flashes 

As  "Hero  of  Cadiz,"  returned  with  laurels, 

Greeting  the  vast  array  of  friendly  folk. 

Again  his  vision  leads  them  'cross  the  sea, 

To  fairer  worlds  than  any  they  have  dreamed, 

To  larger  conquests  than  the  galleon-burning 

That  constituted  victory  at  Cadiz. 

As  painter,  gifted  with  a  magic  palette, 

He  outlines  deftly  simple  plans  of  state, 

Then  splashes  on  a  myriad  mystic  tints 

Until  a  form  of  grandeur  and  of  grace 

Shines  there  resplendent,  free  from  tyrant-taint, 

A  noble  figure — Young  America — 

Her  brow  aglint  with  stars,  and  bearing  high 

The  shining  torch  of  freedom  for  the  world! 


[42] 


EPISODE  II 

£alctgf)'$  Vision  of  tfje  J?eto  Morlb, 
1596 

TIME:  The  summer  of  1596,  eight  years  having 
elapsed  since  the  coming  of  the  Armada. 

SCENE:  Harrow  Field  on  the  Thames  River  in  the 
suburbs  of  London,  as  before.  A  popular  celebra- 
tion of  the  victory  of  the  English  fleet  over  the  Span- 
iards at  Cadiz,  on  June  20,  1596.  The  scene  repre- 
sents the  full  fruition  of  English  national  life. 

[It  is  a  colorful  festival  of  the  folk — an  ever-changing 
tapestry  of  merrymaking,  of  unrestrained  dancing  and 
song.] 

[There  are  many  interesting  figures  in  this  motley 
throng — some  picturesque,  others  grotesque,  but  all 
harmonious  with  the  occasion.  Even  the  grimy  BED- 
LAM BEGGAR  has  a  legitimate  place  in  the  picture.] 

[Here  are  PEDDLARS  with  fine  laces  and  ornaments,  vying 
with  PASTRY-COOKS  and  FRUIT  VENDERS  in  crying  out 
their  tempting  wares — muffins,  pears,  gingerbread,  tea- 
cakes.  Here  is  one  fantastically  disguised  as  A  DRAGON. 
Here  is  a  man  made  up  as  THE  HOBBYHORSE,  amusing 
an  admiring  group  of  children  with  his  imitations  of 
the  trotting,  galloping,  and  curveting  paces  of  the 
horse.] 

[There  is  A  GYPSY  in  many-colored  dress,  attracting  a 
group  of  admiring  swains  with  her  sinuous  dancing. 
On  the  opposite  side  is  A  PUPPET-MASTER,  calling  the 
attention  of  a  crowd  of  happy  rustics  to  his  perform- 
ance about  to  begin.  AN  ALCHEMIST,  dimly  outlined 
in  a  murky  booth  lighted  with  green  lights,  is  holding  a 

[43] 


44          Raleigh,  the  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean 

company  of  country  gulls  in  awestruck  wonder  with  his 
marvelous  experiments.] 

[There  are  many  other  familiar  figures:  the  jolly  TAPS- 
TER with  his  fat  cask  of  ale  and  his  generous  tankards, 
WOODSMEN  carrying  their  axes,  pretty  MILKMAIDS  ex- 
hibiting a  sleek  cow  with  gilded  horns  decorated  with 
flowers,  A  CHIMNEY-SWEEP  adorned  with  holiday  rib- 
bons, A  JUGGLER,  a  sombre  PURITAN,  A  BAG-PIPER,  A 
JACK-IN-THE-GREEN,  and  ROBIN  HOOD  and  his  merry 
crew — LITTLE  JOHN,  WILL  STUKELY,  FRIAR  TUCK,  and 
the  sprightly  MAID  MARIAN.] 

[Now  there  is  a  loud  salvo  of  trumpets,  a  momentary 
hush,  and  then  vociferous  cheering  as  THE  LORD  MAYOR 
OF  LONDON  enters,  mounted  on  his  footcloth  horse, 
ushering  in  with  great  ceremony  the  heroes  of  Cadiz.] 

THE  CROWD 

[Cheering  wildly]  All  hail!    The  heroes  of  Cadiz! 
AU  hail! 

[Enter  arm  in  arm,  SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH  and  THE  EARL 
OF  ESSEX  gaily  accoutred.  RALEIGH  is  noticeable 
"for  the  splendor  of  his  armor  and  ornaments.  The 
very  shoes  upon  his  feet  were  so  lavishly  decorated  with 
jewels,  that  they  were  said  to  have  cost  six  thousand 
pounds.  His  sword  and  belt  fairly  glittered  with  large 
gems.  Chains  of  gold  fell  from  his  neck  on  the  highly- 
burnished  breastplate.  On  one  arm  he  wore  conspicu- 
ously a  long  ribbon,  which  THE  QUEEN  had  coquet- 
tishly  given  him  as  a  reward  for  his  devotion."  10] 

[After  them  RALEIGH'S  cousin,  SIR  GEORGE  CAREW,  who 
commanded  the  Mary  Rose;  SIR  FRANCIS  VERE,  captain 
of  the  Rainbow;  SIR  EDWARD  WINGFIELD,  CAPTAIN  BAG- 
NOLL,  CAPTAIN  MEDICK,  and  other  leaders  of  the  great 
sea-fight.] 


10  Towle's  Raleigh,  His  Exploits  and  Voyages,  Boston,  1881,  p.  169. 


Raleigh's  Vision  of  the  New  World,  1596      45 

[After  these  comes  a  brilliant  concourse  of  the  chief 
poets  and  playmakers  of  the  time — SHAKESPEARE,  now 
thirty- five  years  of  age;  BEN  JONSON,  FRANCIS  BEAU- 
MONT, JOHN  FLETCHER,  EDMUND  SPENSER,  FRANCIS 
BACON,  the  rising  young  advocate,  and  others.] 

THE  LORD  MAYOR  OF  LONDON 

[Ordering  the  crowd  to  cease  cheering,  pompously  speaks 
the  address  of  welcome.] 

Most  worthy  heroes  of  Cadiz — soldiers,  mariners 
of  the  wooden  walls  of  Britain — you  are  exceedingly 
welcome  on  this  magnanimous  occasion.  Your  ex- 
ploits have  rung  throughout  the  wide  realm  of  merry 
England,  and  we  are  here  to  do  you  honor  and  to  give 
you  welcome  home.  F  faith,  we  have  spoke  of  little 
else  since  you  did  sail  some  months  agone  to  meet  the 
giant-ships  upon  the  Spanish  Main.  May  it  please 
you  now  to  listen  to  our  song  of  welcome! 

THE  EARL  OF  ESSEX 

My  Lord  Mayor,  we  thank  you  for  your  hearty 
welcome  and  will  gladly  hear  your  song. 

[The  heroes  of  Cadiz  and  their  party  seat  themselves  at 
the  tables  before  the  inn,  smoking  long  Winchester 
pipes.  The  people  all  sing  lustily  A  Deep  Seas'  Chantey, 
celebrating  SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH  and  the  soldiers  and 
seamen  of  England.] 

A  DEEP  SEAS'  CHANTEY 

0,  our  good  ship,  firm  and  true,  Yo  ho! 
Carries  Britain's  finest  crew,  Yo  ho! 
Though  the  sea  be  wild  and  squally, 


46          Raleigh,  the  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean 

Our  captain's  Walter  Raleigh, 

And  there's  nothing  he  can't  do,  Yo  ho! 

0,  our  good  ship,  Water  Sprite,  Yo  ho! 
Sees  many  a  gallant  fight,  Yo  ho! 
When  she  hears  King  Philip  squeal, 
She  laughs  from  deck  to  keel, 
For  with  Raleigh  she's  all  right,  Yo  ho! 

0,  our  guns  know  how  to  crack,  Yo  ho! 
And  they'll  take  no  talkin'  back,  Yo  ho! 
Through  a  million  ships  or  more, 
Those  Spanish  men-of-war, 
We  make  a  blazin'  track,  Yo  ho! 

0,  our  captain,  he's  a  peer,  Yo  ho! 

He  makes  old  Spain  look  queer,  Yo  ho! 

He's  the  best  sea-dog  we  know, 

To  hell  with  him  we'd  go, 

Why  the  devil  should  we  fear,  Yo  ho! 

[At  the  conclusion  of  the  singing  THE  MAYOR  resumes, 
ostentatiously.  ] 

THE  LORD  MAYOR  OF  LONDON 

Gentlemen,  our  festivities  are  now  complete,  and 
we  pray  you  now  let  us  hear  from  your  own  lips  how 
the  battle  went  when  the  proud  Spaniard  was  humbled 
and  great  ships  sunk. 

[A  buzz  of  excitement,  vociferous  applause  and  loud  call- 
ing from  the  crowd;  the  names  of  RALEIGH  and  ESSEX 
are  heard  above  the  tumult.  The  people  crowd  more 
closely  in,  some  seating  themselves  on  the  ground,  some 
kneeling,  still  others  standing,  intent  upon  seeing  and 
hearing  all.} 


Raleigh's  Vision  of  the  New  World,  1596      47 

THE  EARL  OF  ESSEX 

[Rising}  Gentles,  all,  and  my  brave  comrades  in 
arms.  It  seems  that  my  good  rival,  Sir  Walter  here,  is 
forever  to  carry  off  the  laurels — though,  by  my  troth, 
he  has  well  earned  the  fame,  which  is  more  justly  his. 
For  mine  own  part,  the  battle  plan  I  did  propose  to 
our  admiral,  Lord  Howard,  was  at  the  very  point  of 
execution  stayed  by  him — by  the  eloquence  of  this 
paladin  of  the  fleet,  Sir  Walter.  He,  with  cogent 
reasons  well  sustained,  did  so  o'erbear  Lord  Howard 
and  myself  that,  with  one  accord,  we  did  yield  to 
him — e'en  though  my  troops  already  landing  to  the 
attack,  I  must  needs  recall. 

A  SEA  CAPTAIN 

Aye,  aye,  and  so  full  of  joy  were  you  at  Sir  Walter's 
clever  plan  that  you  did  throw  your  fine-plumed  hat 
o'erboard. 

[Laughter  and  applause  from  the  crowd. ,] 

A  SAILOR 

Aye,  and  he  did  give  me  a  sovereign,  when  I  did 
restore  it  to  his  hand.  Its  finery  was  sadly  wetted  by 
the  sea  water.  The  diamond  was  still  on  the  plume. 

[More  laughter  and  cheering  from  the  crowd.} 

THE  CROWD 
Hear!  hear!     Essex!  Essex! 


48          Raleigh,  the  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean 

THE  EARL  OF  ESSEX 

To  Sir  Walter,  then,  was  given  the  high  honor  of 
leading  the  attack.  His  flagship,  the  Water-Sprite, 
floated  in  the  forefront  of  the  array,  followed  close  by 
the  Mary  Rose  and  the  Rainbow,  while  in  the  rear 
pressed  hard  the  intrepid  Lyon,  the  Dreadnaught,  and 
the  Nonpareill,  the  Warspright,  the  Swiftsure,  and  the 
Meer-Honour. 

Anon,  with  the  first  peep  of  day  our  English  men-of- 
war  approach  the  Spanish  galleons.  The  culverins 
'gan  spit  back  death  and  fire  from  out  their  iron  lips. 

Ere  long  'twas  my  good  fortune  to  fight  by  Walter's 
side.  So  closely  did  we  press  the  mighty  St.  Phillip 
that  they  were  forced  to  blow  her  up  rather  than  see 
her  captured.  Then  did  we  see  the  swarthy  Spaniards 
"tumbling  into  the  sea,  heaps  of  souldiers,  so  thick  as 
if  coals  had  been  poured  out  of  a  sack  in  many  ports 
at  once;  some  drowned  and  some  sticking  in  the 
mud."  And  when  the  fire  did  come  to  the  doomed 

galleon,  "the  spectacle  was  very  lamentable, 

for  many  drowned  themselves ;  many,  half  burnt,  leapt 
into  the  water; many  swimming,  with  griev- 
ous wounds,  strucken  under  water,  and  put  out  their 
pain."  There  was  such  tearing  of  the  ordnance,  such 
deafening  boom  of  the  explosions,  so  huge  a  conflagra- 
tion, that  "if  any  man  had  a  desire  to  see  Hell  itself, 
it  was  there  most  lively  figured."  The  St.  Thomas, 
too,  the  Spaniards  burnt.  But,  'ere  they  could  fire 
the  arrogant  St.  Andrew,  with  his  own  hand  did  our 
brave  Raleigh  that  mighty  vessel  captive  take.  Then 

H  From  Raleigh's  A  Relation  of  Cadiz  Action,  as  printed  by  his 
grandson,  Philip  Raleigh,  from  a  copy  found  among  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh's  Papers,  1699. 


Raleigh's  Vision  of  the  New  World,  1596      49 

likewise  the  St.  Mathew  did  he  take.  And  so — for 
all  the  formidable  array  of  Spain  the  proud  city  of 
Cadiz  fell  to  us,  and  the  day  most  happily  was  ours — 
ours  through  our  indomitable  leader,  our  gallant 
Raleigh. 

THE  CROWD 

[The  mariners  and  sea-captains  beat  on  the  tables  with 
their  tankards  and  with  the  handles  of  their  daggers. 
All  cheer  with  tumultuous  calls.] 

Sir  Walter  Raleigh!  Sir  Walter  Raleigh! 

[RALEIGH  rises  and,  bowing,  graciously  acknowledges 
their  greetings.] 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 

Lord  Essex  hath  most  nobly  set  forth  our  victory 
and  most  modestly  disclaimed  the  very  valiant  part 
which  his  forces  took  in  the  battle  by  land,  to  the  com- 
plete undoing  of  the  Spanish  hosts.  And  by  my  faith, 
gentlemen,  until  his  men  did  come  into  the  fight  it 
swung  most  perilously  to  and  fro.  The  forces  of  the 
land  which  he  commanded  were  not  one  whit  behind 
those  of  us  who  fought  by  sea.  The  proud  port  of 
Cadiz  lies  today  utterly  confounded.  The  Spanish 
tyrant  soon  shall  be  swept  from  the  seas,  the  formida- 
ble fleets,  the  invincible  armies  vanquished  all. 

THE  CROWD 

[Cheering  wildly]  Bravo!  Master  Walter!  Bravo! 
Hear!  Hear! 


50          Raleigh,  the  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 

And  who,  let  me  ask  you,  gentlemen  and  yeomen 
of  England,  my  brave  lads  all,  who  say  you  shall  take 
the  place  of  Spain,  and  sail  the  seas,  and  bring  safe 
home  the  treasure  ships  laden  with  the  red  gold  of 
El  Dorado,  the  vast  deposits  of  Spanish  silver  from 
the  mines  of  Peru  and  Mexico;  the  stores  of  precious 
stones,  the  wealth  of  Indian  spices,  dyes  and  countless 
valued  cargoes  strange  and  rare — who  but  bonnie 
England  shall  now  inherit  these?  List,  while  I  do 
narrate  the  wondrous  things  I  did  with  mine  own  eyes 
behold  in  far  Guiana,  in  the  valley  of  the  Orinoco; 
and  my  good  captains  here  and  the  mariners  all  shall 
vouch  for  the  accuracy  of  my  tale. 

THE  SEA-CAPTAINS  AND  MARINERS 
Aye,  aye,  sir,  that  we  will. 

THE  CROWD 
[Vociferously}  Hear!  Hear!     Tell  us  all! 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 

A  land  it  is  of  abundant  fruitfulness  and  of  marvel- 
ous beauty.  "On  the  banks  of  the  rivers  were  divers 

sorts  of  fruits We  saw  birds  of  all  colours, 

some  carnation,  some  crimson,  orange-tawny,  purple, 
watchet  (pale  blue) ,  and  of  all  other  sorts,  both  simple 
and  mixed,  and  it  was  unto  us  a  great  good-passing  of 
the  time  to  behold  them. 

"When  we  were  come  to  the  tops  of  the  first  hills  of 
the  plains  adjoining  to  the  river,  we  beheld  that  won- 


Raleigh's  Vision  of  the  New  World,  1596      51 

derful  breach  of  waters  which  ran  down  Carol! ; 
and  might  from  that  mountain  see  the  river  how  it  ran 
in  three  parts,  above  twenty  miles  off,  and  there  ap- 
peared some  ten  or  twelve  overfalls  in  sight,  every 

one  as  high  over  the  other  as  a  church  tower 

I  never  saw  a  more  beautiful  country,  nor  more  lively 
prospects;  hills  so  raised  here  and  there  over  the 
valleys;  the  river  winding  into  divers  branches;  the 
plains  adjoining  without  bush  or  stubble,  all  fair  green 

grass; the  deer  crossing  in  every  path;  the 

birds  towards  the  evening  singing  on  every  tree  with  a 
thousand  several  tunes;  cranes  and  herons  of  white, 
crimson,  and  carnation,  perching  in  the  river's  side; 
the  air  fresh  with  a  gentle  easterly  wind;  and  every 
stone  that  we  stopped  to  take  up  promised  either  gold 
or  silver  by  his  complexion."  12 

THE  CROWD 

[All  give  vent  to  long  drawn  sighs  and  stand  with  open 
mouths,  listening  intently.  They  are  transfixed  with 
amazement  and  admiration,  too  much  so  to  offer  any 
comment.  SHAKESPEARE  is  apparently  captivated.  He 
walks  apart  a  little,  in  deep  contemplation  of  RALEIGH'S 
wondrous  tale,  and  noticeably  pricks  up  his  ears  as 
RALEIGH  continues  to  recite  his  adventures.} 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 

Strange  human  races  do  inhabit  there,  "called 
Ewaipanoma,  reported  to  have  their  eyes  in  their 
shoulders,  and  their  mouths  in  the  middle  of  their 

12  From  Raleigh's  own  narrative,  The  Discovery  of  the  large,  rich, 
and  beautiful  Empire  of  Guiana;  with  a  Relation  of  the  great  and 
golden  City  of  Manoa,  which  the  Spaniards  call  El  Dorado,  first  pub- 
lished in  1596. 


52          Raleigh,  the  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean 

breasts,  and  that  a  long  train  of  hair  groweth  back- 
ward between  their  shoulders."  12 

SHAKESPEARE 

[Now,  too  much  wrought  up  longer  to  contain  his  thoughts, 
speaks  out.] 

What  magic  do  these  words  contain!  They  sing 
within  me  with  sweet  siren  tones,  of  wanton 

Cannibals  that  each  other  eat, 
The  Anthropophagi,  and  men  whose  heads 
Do  grow  beneath  their  shoulders.13 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 

Thus  ever  does  our  Will  translate  strange  matters 
into  rarest  plays  of  fantasy.  By  my  faith,  my  com- 
rades all,  is't  not  a  marvelous  country  truly  and  one 
well  worthy  of  the  poet's  dreams? 

But,  gentles  all,  consider  well  the  full  meaning  of 
this  our  celebration  of  Cadiz,  the  full  promise  of  this 
our  victory  on  the  seas — in  that  far  western  world — 
to  us  of  Anglo-Saxon  blood.  The  Empire  of  Spain 
in  that  America  is  reeling  to  its  ruin.  Shall  we  not 
rear  in  its  stead  a  fairer  state,  one  not  stained  with 
helpless  blood,  nor  cursed  with  crimes  of  direst 
cruelty?  There  shall  we  raise,  instead,  in  fair  Amer- 
ica, beyond  the  western  verge,  a  greater  State  than  any 
ever  forged  by  Spanish  bonds — a  league  of  many 
peoples  united  all  in  English  friendliness,  of  peoples 
come  from  many  lands  but  speaking  all  one  speech — 
our  goodly  mother  tongue,  and  of  one  common  heart 

13  Othello,  I,  3. 


¥lv   ^ 


Raleigh's  Vision  of  the  New  World,  1596      53 

of  comradeship.  I  see  on  the  far  verge  of  that  New 
Day  a  fairer  El  Dorado  than  ever  Spaniard  dreamed, 
a  sunb right  nation  of  immortal  youth  in  fair  America ! 

SHAKESPEARE 

[Rising  up,  exclaims]  I'll  set  it  down — your  vi- 
sion— in  a  play — in  verse  immortal. 

0,  wonder! 

How  many  goodly  creatures  are  there  here! 
How  beauteous  mankind  is!     0  brave  new  world 
That  has  such  people  in't!  x 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 

'Tis  nobly  said,  good  Master  Will,  and  worthy  of 
my  vision  of  this  brave  new  world  and  the  old  there 
joining  hands  to  right  the  old  world  wrongs,  to  lift  up 
manhood,  truth,  justice,  mercy — in  larger,  freer, 
brotherhood. 

SHAKESPEARE 

How  beauteous  mankind  is!     0  brave  new  world 
That  has  such  people  in't! 

THE  PEOPLE 

[In  their  enthusiasm  all  join  in  SHAKESPEARE'S  happy 
phrasing  of  RALEIGH'S  vision.] 

0  brave  new  world! 

[In  the  distance  is  heard  a  chorus  of  voices  singing,  God 
Save  Britannia's  Queen,  as  in  the  opening  scene,  and 
the  people  follow  after  RALEIGH  and  his  company,  tak- 
ing  up  the  song  as  they  go.] 

l*  The  Tempest,  V,  1. 


THE  INTERLUDE 


[551 


SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH,  gallant  victor  over  the  gal- 
leons of  Spain,  now  becomes  the  victim  of  Stuart 
tyranny — immured  in  gloomy  dungeon  cell,  foregoing 
his  ambitious  dream  of  empire  and  his  desperate 
ventures  'gainst  the  Spanish  tyrant.  Then  comes  the 
vision  of  the  Orinoco,  once  more  luring  him  to  the 
Spanish  Main.  But  like  those  other  brave  adventurers 
who  followed  the  call  of  the  New  World — Colum- 
bus, Ponce  De  Leon,  De  Navarez,  De  Soto,  Pizarro — 
he  is  led  to  ruin,  heart-break,  and  at  last  to  death, 
noble,  though  in  a  prison  cell. 


[56] 


3faterlube 


[Slowly  enters  THE  CHORUS  OF  SHEPHERDS,  chanting  as 
before.  In  kirtles,  now  of  sombre  gray,  they  appear  — 
as  though  a  cloud  had  suddenly  dimmed  the  white 
radiance  of  the  morning.} 

[As  THE  SPIRIT  OF  YOUTH  enters,  also  gray-kirtled,  he 
holds  aloft  a  flaming  torch,  symbolic  of  the  deathless 
light  of  Liberty.  In  vivid  contrast  comes  the  lingering, 
almost  weary  cadence  of  the  music,  as  gray  in  tone  as 
the  kirtles  in  color,  both  typifying  the  menace  to  Eng- 
land of  the  cloud  of  Stuart  tyranny  which  looms  on 
the  horizon,  and  threatens  to  sweep  away  the  fruitage 
of  the  centuries.] 

THE  SPIRIT  OF  YOUTH 

And  now,  as  oft,  in  peaceful  summer  noon-tides 
Comes  a  quick  stir,  then  onrush  of  the  storm 
With  blinding  flash,  and  beat  of  cruel  hail, 
Breaking,  twisting,  stamping  into  earth 
The  hardly-nurtured  crops  so  rich  in  promise, 
So  on  that  lustrous  noon  of  England's  life 
Came  sudden  crash  and  deluge  of  a  storm— 
The  rough  and  ruthless  Stuart  tyranny. 
Immured  now  in  sunless  prison  cell 
Is  brave  Sir  Walter,  England's  finest  lance 
In  valiant  joust  against  the  lists  of  Spain. 
His  vision  of  an  Empire,  righteous,  free, 
Doth  waver,  dimmed  by  persecution  cruel. 


157] 


THE  SECOND  PART 
THE  MARTYRDOM  OF  RALEIGH 


159] 


A  CELL  IN  THE  BLOODY  TOWER  WHERE  RALEIGH  WAS  CONFINED  FOR 

THIRTEEN   YEARS 
From   a  drawing   by  J.   Wykeham   Archer,    1851 


EPISODE  I 


Hure  of  tfje  ©rtnoco,  1617 

TIME:     Early  in  April,  1617. 

SCENE:  A  pleasant  garden  adjoining  the  Tower 
of  London,  in  which  Raleigh  had  been  confined  for 
twelve  years  by  King  James  I  under  the  false  accusa- 
tion of  high  treason,  charged  with  having  instigated  a 
plot  against  the  King.  Raleigh  was  given  the  free- 
dom of  this  garden  through  the  thoughtful  kindness 
of  the  lieutenant  of  the  Tower,  Sir  George  Harvey. 
Here  he  passed  many  hours  in  studying  botany  and 
in  making  experiments  in  chemistry,  pursuits  of  which 
he  was  very  fond.  Here  he  was  engaged  for  a  number 
of  years  in  writing  his  History  of  the  World  and 
various  political  essays. 

[RALEIGH  is  now  past  sixty  years  of  age,  his  hair  and 
beard  are  grizzled,  his  stalwart  figure  somewhat  bent, 
his  face  pale  and  considerably  wrinkled  with  care  and 
sorrow.  He  enters  reading  a  quarto  volume,  which  is 
no  other  than  a  copy  of  SHAKESPEARE'S  play,  The  Tem- 
pest. He  seats  himself  by  a  rustic  table  and  continues 
reading.] 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 

He  did  not  fail  in  his  promise,  Master  Shakespeare. 
Here  it  is — his  latest  play,  The  Tempest.  How  preg- 
nant are  his  words  even  yet — the  lines  of  Miranda  on 
the  enchanted  island  when  first  she  views  the  ship- 
wrecked mariners — shipwrecked,  alas!  like  me,  im- 
prisoned here. 

[81] 


62  Raleigh,  the  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean 

"0,  wonder! 

How  many  goodly  creatures  are  there  here! 
How  beauteous  mankind  is!     0  brave  new  world 
That  has  such  people  in't." 

So  Shakespeare  has  immortalized  in  rarest  verse  my 
venture  in  the  brave  new  world,  in  the  enchanted  land 
of  Venezuela,  in  the  valley,  Orinoco. 

[A  faithful  OLD  SERVANT  enters  humming  a  plaintive 
ditty.  Looking  up  from  his  reading,  RALEIGH  inquires.] 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 

My  good  fellow,  from  whence  comes  that  ancient 
melody  you  sing? 

THE  OLD  SERVANT 

It  do  be  one  that  my  old  grandam  used  to  sing  as 
she  span  by  the  sea-coal  fire  in  Devon,  when  I  was  but 
a  wanton  boy. 

[THE   OLD  SERVANT  goes   out,  droning  his  song,  and 

RALEIGH  falls  asleep  over  his  book.] 
[Now  in  a  soft  golden  light  in  the  background  of  the 

scene  appear  to  him  dream- pictures  from  his  past  life, 

in  pantomime,  while  music  plays.] 

1.  RALEIGH,  the  courtier,  spreading  his  cloak  be- 
fore QUEEN  ELIZABETH. 

2.  RALEIGH  wooing  the  golden-haired  ELIZABETH 
THROGMORTON,  and  the  haughty  QUEEN  dismiss- 
ing him  in  wrath. 


The  Tempest,  V,  1. 


The  Lure  of  the  Orinoco,  1617  63 

3.  RALEIGH,  the  colonizer,  and  GOVERNOR  WHITE 
of  Virginia,  with  MANTEO  and  WANCHESE,  the 
Indians. 

4.  RALEIGH  with  his  wife  and  children  in  his  spa- 
cious manor-house  of  Sherborne. 

5.  RALEIGH  in  Guiana  showing  the  Indians  a  por- 
trait of  QUEEN  ELIZABETH. 

6.  RALEIGH,  victorious,  surrounded  with  his  gal- 
lant comrades-in-arms  after  the  capture  of  Cadiz. 

7.  RALEIGH  in  the  Tower,  seated  at  a  table,  a  few  books 
by  him,  writing  his  History  of  the  World. 

[Then  the  music  swells  into  a  languorous,  oriental 
strain,  suggesting  the  lure  of  the  Orinoco,  of  fabled  El 
Dorado,  and  the  golden  city  of  Manoa.  There  appears 
a  dream  figure,  at  first  dimly,  then  brilliantly  shining 
in  the  golden  light,  the  splendid  Queen  of  the  Carribean, 
VENEZUELA,15  attended  by  THE  SPIRIT  OF  THE  ORINOCO, 
a  dancing  water-sprite.] 

[VENEZUELA,  seated  on  a  richly  gilded  throne,  listlessly 
waves  a  fan  of  peacock  plumes.  She  is  a  luxuriant 
brunette  of  tropic  beauty,  with  lustrous  ebon  eyes,  of 
dull  copper  skin  heightened  by  vermillion  pigment 
glowing  in  her  cheeks.  She  is  gorgeously  attired  in 
cloth-of-gold,  glittering  with  many-colored  jewels,  and 
is  crowned  with  a  tiara  of  rare  plumage  from  the  flame- 
red  flamingo.] 

[Attending  her  is  the  laughing  water-sprite,  ORINOCO, 
dressed  in  shimmering  silver  and  sparkling  with  myriad 
gems,  suggesting  the  lure  of  the  shining  river  of 
Raleigh's  dreams.  ORINOCO  is  crowned  with  rich  blos- 
soms and  dances  with  festoons  and  flying  sprays  of  the 
same.  She  wears  a  plume  of  brilliant  emerald,  and  a 

!5  So  named  by  Ojeda,  the  Spanish  navigator,  and  meaning  "Little 
Venice,"  because  of  the  native  houses  the  explorer  built  on  piles 
along  the  shore  of  Lake  Maracaibo. 


64          Raleigh,  the  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean 

girdle  of  pale  yellow,  symbolic  of  the  spell  of  tropic 
forests  and  of  the  golden  treasure-city  of  his  quest. 
She  dancesi  blithely  now  before  RALEIGH,  the  charm  of 
her  person  and  the  witchery  of  her  movements  suggest- 
ing the  maze  of  windings  in  which  the  explorer  is  lured 
and  finally  lost.] 

THE  SPIRIT  OF  THE  ORINOCO 

[Singing  softly.] 

Come,  Orinoco  calls,  calls  you  again! 

Come  to  Orinoco,  land  of  the  yellow  gold! 

The  soft  winds  singing,  the  odorous  breezes  laden, 

The  myriad  sweet  bird-voices,  the  river  sweeping  to 
the  sea, 

All  invite  you  back  again,  to  come  again. 

From  the  land  of  harsh-cold  winter,  from  cruel  pris- 
oning walls, 

Orinoco  calls  again;  to  the  mellow  golden  sun- land 

Come,  my  mariner  sea-buffeted,  'tis  Orinoco  calls. 

Come,  find  in  balmy  sun-lands,  fresh  life,  perennial 
Youth! 

[Now  RALEIGH  has  risen  to  his  feet,  captivated  by  the 
flashing  beauty  and  the  siren  song  of  THE  SPIRIT  OF 
ORINOCO.  His  sombre  cloak  falls  from  his  shoulders 
and  vanishes,  revealing  him  in  shining  crimson,  in  fresh 
attire  of  silk  and  velvet.  His  bent  shoulders  straighten 
and  he  is  again  the  stalwart,  lusty  adventurer  of  the 
former  years.] 

[As  the  dream- figure  fades,  with  a  new  light  transfiguring 
his  face,  RALEIGH  stands  forth  once  more  fully  erect, 
and  cries  out  exultingly.] 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 
The  Western  Land  calls  me  and  I  go  again!     The 


The  Lure  of  the  Orinoco,  1617  65 

King's  will  I'll  bend  to  mine,  by  the  fair  words  of  his 
latest  favorite,  of  his  sweet  Lord  Villiers.  These 
prison  walls  I'll  burst  asunder.  Once  more  I'll  sail 
the  seas  as  "Shepherd  of  the  Ocean,"  once  more  to- 
ward Orinoco  set  my  course,  toward  lands  of  setting 
sun — to  fair  and  goodly  western  world — to  New 
America ! 


Jnttrlube 

[With  ponderous  step  THE  CHORUS  OF  SHEPHERDS  enters, 
now  in  dead-black  kirtles,  their  heads  bent  with  grief. 
The  music  falls  into  a  dull  minor;  its  rhythm  becomes 
heavy  and  slow.] 

[THE  SPIRIT  OF  YOUTH  enters,  also  black-robed.  His 
countenance  is  shadowed,  his  step  less  free.  His  torch 
burns  now  with  but  a  feeble  light — uncertain,  waver- 
ing, as  though  the  flame  of  Liberty  were  about  to 
flicker  and  die.] 

THE  SPIRIT  OF  YOUTH 

But  now  at  length,  the  ruthless  bars  are  loosed, 
And,  burning  with  the  new-awakened  dream 
Of  spoils  and  conquest  on  the  Spanish  Main, 
Raleigh  comes  forth  to  follow  the  mirage 
That  leads  him  to  destruction,  dire  and  vast. 
Undone  by  fatal  lure  of  Orinoco, 
His  cherished  son  the  prey  of  Spanish  hate, 
Returns  the  martyr,  stripped  of  every  hope. 
Yet  as  he  waits,  within  the  dungeon  dark, 
The  carrion  hour  of  Death  that  hovers  near, 
His  noble  heart  recks  not  of  all  his  woes, 
But,  soaring  up  beyond  the  sky-lark's  heaven, 
Doth  find  its  rest  in  God's  own  dwelling  place. 


[66] 


EPISODE  II 


tsf)'g  Hafit  Venture,  1617 


TIME:     An  April  day  in  1617. 

SCENE:  An  open  place  in  the  environs  of  London, 
adjoining  the  Thames;  a  dais  and  temporary  throne 
has  been  erected  for  King  James  at  the  right.  Prepa- 
rations have  heen  made  for  the  sailing  of  Raleigh's 
fleet,  consisting  of  a  new  flag-ship,  The  Destiny, 
eleven  other  good-sized  vessels,  two  fly-boats,  and  a 
caravel. 

[Enter  SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH  and  his  company,  consisting 
of  sixty  gentlemen  of  rank,  sea-captains,  soldiers  and 
mariners,  two  hundred  volunteers  in  all.  RALEIGH  is 
now  sixty-four  years  of  age.  After  twelve  years'  im- 
prisonment in  the  Tower  the  figure  of  the  sturdy  cavalier 
appears  somewhat  stooped,  his  hair  and  beard  grizzled, 
his  face  pale  and  care-worn,  his  features  grave  and  sad- 
dened, but  his  heroic  spirit  is  still  unshaken  and  the  old 
ambition  still  lights  his  eye.  His  eldest  son,  WALTER, 
is  now  a  spirited  and  valiant  youth  of  twenty-three.} 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 

The  King  comes  anon  to  see  me  embark  for  the 
Orinoco  country;  Villiers  has  proved  a  good  advocate 
and  his  anti-Spanish  policy  has  prevailed  so  far  as  to 
permit  of  our  adventure.  'Tis  true  he  was  somewhat 
importunate  with  the  King  in  demanding  title,  as  sole 
lord  and  proprietor,  to  all  the  land  I  may  discover. 


[67] 


68          Raleigh,  the  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean 

A  GENTLEMAN 
And  did  the  King  grant  his  request? 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 

Verily,  he  can  refuse  him  nothing — saving  the  half 
of  his  kingdom.  Yet  it  has  fallen  out  exceeding  well, 
Villiers  is  all  for  Holland  against  the  Spaniard.  We 
may  perchance  see  Armada  days  again. 

A  HERALD 
[Enters,  announcing]  Gentlemen,  the  King. 

[KiNG  JAMES  I.  enters,  leaning  on  the  arm  of  LORD 
GEORGE  VILLIERS,  his  favorite,  and  followed  by  his 
entire  retinue  of  courtiers  and  attendants.  "No  sov- 
ereign could  have  jarred  against  the  conception  of  an 
English  ruler,  which  had  grown  up  under  Plantagenet 
or  Tudor,  more  utterly  than  James  the  First.  His  big 
head,  his  slobbering  tongue,  his  quilted  clothes,  his 
rickety  legs,  stood  out  in  as  grotesque  a  contrast  with 
all  that  men  recalled  of  Henry  or  Elizabeth  as  his 
gabble  and  rhodomontade,  his  want  of  personal  dignity, 
his  buffoonery,  his  coarseness  of  speech,  his  pedantry, 
his  contemptible  cowardice."  16] 

["GEORGE  VILLIERS,  DUKE  OF  BUCKINGHAM,  his  favorite, 
indeed  had  no  considerable  abilities,  but  his  self-confi- 
dence and  recklessness  were  equal  to  his  beauty;  and 
the  haughty  young  favorite,  on  whose  neck  James  loved 
to  loll,  and  whose  cheek  he  slobbered  with  kisses,  was 
destined  to  drag  down  in  his  fatal  career  the  throne  of 
the  Stuarts." 17] 


16  Green's  Short  History  of  the  English  People.    N.  Y.,  1894,  p.  477. 

17  Ibid.,  p.  488. 


Raleigh's  Last  Venture,  1617  69 

[THE  KING  pays  no  attention  to  RALEIGH'S  presence,  but 
converses  some  time  with  VILLJERS  in  an  undertone.] 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 

[Advancing  to  the  throne  and  dropping  on  one  knee.] 

Your  Majesty  is  most  gracious  in  honoring  my  poor 
ship  company  here  by  his  royal  presence.  We  betake 
ourselves  right  merrily  to  our  task  when  once  we  are 
assured  that  we  have  obtained  the  royal  favor. 

KING  JAMES 

[Ill-naturedly]  Beshrew  me,  you  discourse  but 
rawly  of  my  favor.  [Laughter  from  the  courtiers.] 
It  is  ne'er  bestowed  except  on  merit  of  such  surpass- 
ing excellence  as  leaves  no  question.  My  faithful 
Villiers,  here,  is  one  in  a  thousand,  and  I  have  picked 
him  out  of  ten  thousand  churlish  fellows  who  could 
not  be  persuaded  to  address  a  King  as  becomes  his 
divine  power  and  mission  on  this  earth. 

[THE  KING  continues  his  conversation  with  VILLIERS  in 
an  aside;  he  appears  to  be  in  an  ill-temper  and  exceed- 
ingly unwilling  even  yet  to  let  RALEIGH  go,  but  he  is 
overpersuaded  by  VILLIERS,  who  presses  THE  KING 
hard  for  the  favor. ~\ 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 

[Rising,  impatient  to  be  gone,  and  fearful  that  permission 
may,  after  all,  be  withheld.} 

Your  Majesty,  you  have  graciously  permitted  me 
and  mine  eldest  son  to  go  with  this  brave  company  to 
explore  once  more  the  golden  country  of  the  Orinoco. 
We  have,  in  truth — 


70          Raleigh,  the  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean 

KING  JAMES 

[Sharply  interrupting  him]  Sirrah!  not  so  fast,  by 
my  sooth.  You  presume  too  much  on  my  royal  pa- 
tience. It  is  true  that  by  the  earnest  intercession  of 
my  Lord  Villiers,  here,  I  have  in  a  certain  sort  granted 
you  the  leave  he  did  ask  of  me.  What  you  gave  him 
for  his  intercession  I  care  not,  nor  do  I  reck  with  what 
golden  promises  you  stuffed  his  ears  'gainst  the  well- 
proved  charge  that  but  lately  did  blazon  forth  your 
shame  to  all  true  Englishmen. 

VILLIERS 
[Protestingly]  My  lord!  my  lord! 

KING  JAMES 

Ha!  ha!  my  Villiers,  do'st  feel  the  prick  of  my 
tongue?  Tis  meant  to  lower  the  crest  of  yonder 
springle  there,  pranking  in  his  newly-furbished  finery. 
He  makes  a  brave  show,  truly,  but  I  doubt  not  it  was 
paid  for  out  of  his  already  ruined  estate  which,  like 
a  desperate  gambler,  he  doth  risk  at  a  single  hazard. 
Right  well  he  knoweth  that  he  still  lies  under  sentence 
of  death  for  treason. 

[To  Raleigh]  Come  closer,  my  fine  gentleman,  erst- 
while pirate  and  Spanish  hater;  let  me  give  you  a  word 
for  your  private  ear.  [RALEIGH  advances  and  bows 
on  one  knee.]  It  would  better  become  you,  my  proud 
sir,  were  you  on  both  knees;  but  it  will  pass,  it  will 
pass.  [Ironically.]  I  doubt  not  your  profoundest 
loyalty  and  devotion  for  your  sovereign;  your  prison 
sentence  has  doubtless  taught  you  that  much  wisdom, 


Raleigh's  Last  Venture,  1617  71 

and  your  son,  too.  Look  ye,  Master  Raleigh,  see  him 
better  taught  than  his  father,  that  he  may  grow  up  a 
dutiful  subject  and  a  good  Christian — e'en  like  my 
Lord  Villiers  here. 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 

Your  Majesty's  commands  shall  be  duly  heeded.  I 
pray  you,  now,  since  the  wind  and  tide  are  most  favor- 
able, that  you  will  give  us  your  royal  leave  to  be 
gone  upon  our  journey. 

KING  JAMES 

[Venting  his  ill-humor  without  restraint.]  You 
are  an  ungrateful,  low-born  cur  that  dost  continually 
bark  at  the  heels  of  the  gentlemen  of  this  realm. 
Begone  with  you  and  all  your  pestilent  crew.  Be- 
ware of  trenching  upon  the  realms  and  prerogatives 
of  my  good  brother,  the  King  of  Spain! 

LORD  VILLIERS 

[Pompously]  And,  Sir  Walter,  see  that  nothing  is 
done  to  diminish  the  honor  and  the  dignity  of  the 
estate  you  have  promised  to  find  for  me  in  the  new 
world.  There  must  be  gold  enough,  come  back  with 
you,  to  nigh  sink  a  treasure  fleet  of  Spain.  Look  to 
it,  Sir  Walter,  look  to  it!18 


18  Villiers  here  refers  to  the  state  subsidy  in  support  of  the  fleet 
which  he  had  wrung  from  the  unwilling  King,  and  which  Raleigh  had 
assured  him  would  be  repaid  out  of  the  spoils  of  the  venture. 


72  Raleigh,  the  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 

[Who  has  risen  while  VILLIERS  was  speaking,  and  now 
replies  with  dignity  and  firmness.'] 

My  lord,  you  have  laid  upon  us  a  heavy  charge 
which  may  well  prove  too  much  for  our  strength.  I 
will  bear  your  commands  constantly  in  mind,  and  as 
far  as  in  me  lies  I  will  carry  them  out  to  the  very 
letter. 

KING  JAMES 

Beshrew  me,  Villiers,  he  doth  already  begin  to 
blanch  at  it.  I  warrant  you  he,  and  his  whole  com- 
pany, will  turn  tail  and  run  at  the  sight  of  the  first 
Spanish  argosy.  We  shall  have  them  back,  anon, 
within  the  fortnight,  begging  for  safer  service  under 
our  royal  banner. 

[The  courtiers  all  laugh.] 

[The  company  of  SIR  WALTER  has  borne  the  humiliating 
taunts  thus  far  with  patience,  but  with  this  aspersion  on 
their  courage  angry  murmurs  rise  from  the  groups  of 
gentlemen  and  menacing.,  low-voiced  oaths  are  heard 
here  and  there  among  the  seamen.] 

KING  JAMES 

[Half  starting  from  his  throne.~\  What's  this? 
Treason,  my  Villiers?  Shall  we  not  call  in  the  guard 
and  send  these  crack-brained  fellows  to  the  Tower? 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 

[Coming  forward  and  attempting  to  push  VILLIERS 
aside.]  Your  Majesty,  my  Lord  Villiers,  you  have 


Raleigh's  Last  Venture,  1617  73 

mistaken,  there  are  no  traitors  here.  The  angry  mur- 
murs you  did  hear,  the  grim  sailor  oaths,  but  'gainst 
the  Spanish  uttered.  The  best  leashed  pack,  my  lord, 
must  give  tongue  when  the  stag's  in  sight.  Believe 
me,  there  are  not  more  loyal  subjects  in  all  England 
than  my  brave  shipmates  here. 

KING  JAMES 

[Still  pale  and  discomposed.]  It  may  be  so,  in 
very  sooth,  as  you  say.  Villiers,  we  have  business 
elsewhere  that  demands  our  immediate  presence. 
Let  us  away.  Farewell,  Sir  Walter,  and  good  gentles 
all. 

[He  goes  out  leaning  on  his  favorite's  arm  and  is  followed 
by  his  retinue.] 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 

A  narrow  escape,  truly.  Had  my  invention  failed 
me  in  this  pinch,  we  had  all  ended  our  venture  in  the 
Tower. 

A  SHIP-CAPTAIN 

Aye,  aye,  you  did  rarely  speak  for  us.  We  cannot 
stomach  such  currish  fawning  as  some  delight  in,  and 
if  I  wot  there  was  such  a  lick-spittle  fellow  among  us 
I'd  pitch  him  o'erboard  ere  he  should  sail  in  honest 
company. 

[They  converse  in  dumb  show  and  move  slowly  out  after 
RALEIGH,  while  THE  SPIRIT  OF  THE  ORINOCO,  reappear- 
ing to  RALEIGH,  points  the  way.  Now  she  appears 
transformed  into  a  figure  of  sinister  beauty,  the  yellow- 

10 


74          Raleigh,  the  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean 

golden  girdle  now  a  green  serpent — symbolic  of  the 
fatal  nature  of  her  charms.] 

[RALEIGH  hesitates,  and  wavers  perceptibly,  before  fol- 
lowing after  her,  realizing  the  grave  dangers  of  his 
venture — perhaps  moved  by  a  foreboding  of  the  unfor- 
tunate outcome  of  his  quest.] 

[But  presently  he  yields,  banishing  from  his  mind  the 
impending  fears,  and  follows  after  her  as  she  dances  in 
a  pale  green  glow  of  light  to  a  weird  strain  of  music,  to 
lead  him  to  his  fate.] 


interlude 

THE  SPIRIT  OF  YOUTH 

What  is  our  life?     The  play  of  passion. 
Our  mirth?     The  music  of  division: 
Our  mothers'  wombs  the  tiring-houses  be, 
Where  we  are  dressed  for  life's  short  comedy. 
The  earth  the  stage;  Heaven  the  spectator  is, 
Who  sits  and  views  whosoe'er  doth  act  amiss. 
The  graves  which  hide  us  from  the  scorching  sun 
Are  like  drawn  curtains  when  the  play  is  done. 
Thus  playing  post  we  to  our  latest  rest, 
And  then  we  die  in  earnest,  not  in  jest. 

Sr  W.  R. 


[75] 


EPISODE  III 


&atntitt,  1618 

TIME  :  Near  midnight,  October  28, 1618,  the  night 
preceding  the  execution  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh. 

SCENE:  The  garden  adjoining  the  prison  of  Ra- 
leigh, as  in  Episode  I. 

[RALEIGH  enters,  pale  and  haggard,  looks  up  to  the  night 
sky,  then  slowly  seats  himself  at  the  table  where  he  has 
been  writing.  Some  distant  revelers  are  heard  singing 
in  chorus  God  Save  Britannia's  Queen.  RALEIGH  sighs.] 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 

The  spacious  days  of  Queen  Elizabeth!  Virginia! 
Virginia! 

[A  rough  sailor  chantey  is  heard,  faintly,  in  another 
direction,  the  Deep-Seas'  Chantey,  recalling  to  him  the 
victory  of  Cadiz.] 

The  brave  days  of  Cadiz! 
[He  takes  up  the  manuscript.] 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 

Thus  do  I  end  my  letter  to  my  fair  wife: 
"You  shall  receave,  deare  wief,  my  last  words  in 
these  my  last  lynes.  My  love  I  send  you,  that  you 
may  keepe  it  when  I  am  dead;  and  my  councell,  that 
you  may  remember  it  when  I  am  noe  more.  I  would 
not,  with  my  last  Will,  present  you  with  sorrowes, 

1771 


78  Raleigh,  the  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean 

deare  Besse.  Lett  them  go  to  the  grave  with  me,  and 
be  buried  in  the  dust.  And  seeing  it  is  not  the  will  of 
God  that  ever  I  shall  see  you  in  this  lief,  beare  my 
destruccion  gentlie  and  with  a  hart  like  yourself. 

"I  cannot  wright  much.  God  knows  howe  hardlie 
I  stole  this  tyme,  when  all  sleep;  and  it  is  tyme  to 
separate  my  thoughts  from  the  world.  Begg  my  dead 
body,  which  living  was  denyed  you;  and  either  lay  itt 
att  Sherborne  if  the  land  continue,  or  in  Exiter  church 
by  my  father  and  mother.  I  can  wright  noe  more. 
Tyme  and  Death  call  me  awaye. 

"The  everlasting,  infinite  powerfull,  and  inscruta- 
ble God,  that  Almightie  God  that  is  goodness  itself, 
mercy  itself,  the  true  lief  and  light,  keep  you  and 
yours,  and  have  mercy  on  me,  and  teach  me  to  forgeve 
my  persecutors  and  false  accusers;  and  send  us  to 
meete  in  His  glorious  kingdome.  My  true  wief ,  fare- 
well. Blesse  my  poore  boye;  pray  for  me.  My  true 
God  hold  you  both  in  His  armes. 

"Written  with  the  dyeing  hand  of  sometyme  thy 
husband,  but  now  (alasse!)  overthrowne. 

"Your's  that  was;  but  nowe  not  my  owne, 

"W.  RALEGH."  19 

[Enter  THE  DEAN  OF  WESTMINSTER,  also  A  SPY  of  the 
government,  who  remains  in  the  background  throughout 
this  scene.] 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 
[To  the  DEAN  OF  WESTMINSTER.]     Good  friend, 

19  From  his  letter  to  Lady  Raleigh,  written  from  Winchester,  De- 
cember, 1603,  on  the  eve  of  his  expected  execution.  Printed  from  a 
contemporaneous  transcript,  Domestic  Correspondence;  James  I.,  vol. 
XCVI,  paragraph  71  (Rolls  House). 


The  Sacrifice,  1618  79 

you  have  come  to  give  me  the  spiritual  consolation  of 
the  final  sacrament.  I  can  partake  of  it  in  all  inno- 
cency  of  heart  as  becometh  a  true  Christian,  and  not  a 
traitor  as  I  am  charged. 

[SiR  WALTER  RALEIGH  then  partakes  of  the  last  sacra* 
ment.  Then  enter  SEVERAL  GENTLEMEN,  friends  of  RA- 
LEIGH.] 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 

Good  friends,  you  are  welcome.  My  time  is  short, 
yet  I  would  not  have  one  of  you  leave  me  in  doubt  as 
to  my  innocency  of  the  heavy  charges  laid  against  me, 
upon  which  my  judges  did  base  my  sentence  of  death. 

At  the  trial  I  was  given  no  opportunity  to  face  my 
accusers;  indeed,  my  death  was  determined  from  the 
first.  The  charges  made  against  me  are  so  manifestly 
false  that  they  could  not  in  a  single  point  bear  the 
scrutiny  of  a  fair  trial.  In  my  letter  to  the  King  I 
have  set  forth  clearly  my  answers  to  all  the  charges 
wrongfully  alleged  against  me.  "It  is  no  time  for 
me  to  flatter  or  to  fear  princes,  I,  who  am  subject  only 
unto  death;  and  for  me,  who  have  now  to  do  with 
God  alone,  to  tell  a  lie  to  get  the  favour  of  the  King 
were  in  vain."  20 

THE  DEAN  OF  WESTMINSTER 

We  are  convinced,  sir,  that  you  do  lie  under  a 
wrongful  accusation. 

[THE  GENTLEMEN  present  assent  to  this.] 


20  From  Raleigh's  dying  speech  on  the  scaffold  as  printed  in  The 
Life  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  by  William  Oldys,  1736. 


80          Raleigh,  the  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean 

A  GENTLEMAN 

This  trial  hath  injured  and  degraded  the  Justice  of 
England.21 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 

My  friends,  I  thank  you  for  this  last  testimony  of 
your  honorable  esteem.  "And  now  I  entreat,  that  you 
all  will  join  with  me  in  prayer  to  that  great  God  of 
Heaven  whom  I  have  grievously  offended,  being  a  man 

full  of  all  vanity,  who  has  lived  a  sinful  life 

that  His  almighty  goodness  will  forgive  me;  that  He 
will  cast  away  my  sins  from  me;  and  that  He  will 
receive  me  into  everlasting  life ;  so  I  take  my  leave  of 
you  all,  making  my  peace  with  God."  20 

[RALEIGH   seats  himself  and   bows  his   head  as   if  in 
prayer.] 

[The  bell  tolls  the  execution  hour.     He  rises.] 

"0  eloquent,  just,  and  mighty  Death!  whom  none 
could  advise,  thou  hast  persuaded;  what  none  hath 
dared,  thou  hast  done;  and  whom  all  the  world  hath 
flattered,  thou  only  has  cast  out  of  the  world  and  des- 
pised; thou  hast  drawn  together  all  the  far-stretched 
greatness,  all  the  pride,  cruelty,  and  ambition  of  man, 
and  covered  it  all  over  with  these  two  narrow  words, 
Hicjacet!"22 

[THE  BELLMAN  enters  with  a  lantern.] 


21 A  statement  credited  to  one  of  the  judges  who  took  part  in 
Raleigh's  trial  in  1603. 

22  From  The  History  of  the  World,  written  in  the  Tower,  and  pub- 
lished in  1614. 


. 


The  Sacrifice,  1618  81 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 

It  is  time  for  us  to  part.     Farewell,  good  friends. 
[He  goes  toward  the  door.     The  bell  tolls  again.] 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH 
[To  one  of  the  GENTLEMEN.] 

Will  you  keep  these  poor  lines  of  mine  in  remem- 
brance of  this  time? 

[He  reads  from  a  manuscript.] 

"Even  such  is  time,  that  takes  in  trust 
Our  youth,  our  joys,  our  all  we  have, 

And  pays  us  but  with  earth  and  dust; 
Who,  in  the  dark  and  silent  grave, 

When  we  have  wandered  all  our  ways, 

Shuts  up  the  story  of  our  days; 

But  from  this  earth,  this  grave,  this  dust, 

My  God  shall  raise  me  up,  I  trust!"  23 

[In  the  distance  now  he  hears  again  the  people  singing 
God  Save  Britannia's  Queen.] 

Virginia!   my  "lost  colony"24  of  Virginia!      My 

23  Verses  found  in  Sir  Walter  Raleigh's  Bible  in  the  gatehouse  at 
Westminster,  and  said  to  have  been  written  the  night  before  his  death. 

24  The  disappearance  of  the  Colonists  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  remains 
an  unsolved  mystery  to  this  day.     White  wrote  in  his  account  of  the 
search  for  the  "Lost  Colony"  in  1590  (printed  in  Hackluyt's  Voyages), 
"We  espied  towards  the  North  end  of  the  Hand  ye  light  of  a  great  fire 
thorow  the  woods,  to  which  we  presently  rowed;  when  wee  came  right 
over  against  it,  we  let  fall  our  Grapnel  neere  the  shore,  &  sounded 
with  a  trumpet  Call,  &  afterwardes  many  familiar  English  tunes  of 
Songs,  and  called  to  them  friendly;  but  we  had  no  answere,  we  there- 
fore landed  at  day  breake,  and  coming  to  the  fire,  we  found  the  grasse 
&  sundry  rotten  trees  burning  about  the  place.    From  hence  we  went 
thorow  the  woods  to  that  part  of  the  Hand  directly  over  against 
Dasamongwepeuk,   &  from  thence  we  returned  by  the  water  side, 


82  Raleigh,  the  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean 

"Citie  of  Ralegh  in  Virginia"  lost  indeed.  But  not 
all  vain — for  Jamestown  thrives,  and  Virginia  "will 
yet  see  itself  an  English  nation!"  25 

round  about  the  North  point  of  the  Hand,  untill  we  came  to  the  place 
where  I  left  our  Colony  in  the  yeere  1586  (1587) .  In  all  this  way  we 
saw  in  the  sand  the  print  of  the  Salvages  feet  of  2  or  3  sorts  troaden 
ye  night,  and  as  we  entered  up  the  sandy  banke  upon  a  tree,  in  the 
very  browe  thereof  were  curiously  carved  three  faire  Romane  letters 
C  R  0;  which  letters  presently  we  knew  to  signifie  the  place,  where 
I  should  find  the  planters  seated,  according  to  a  secret  token  agreed 
upon  betweene  them  &  me  at  my  last  departure  from  them,  which  was, 
that  in  any  wayes  they  should  not  fail  to  write  or  carve  on  the  trees  or 
posts  of  the  dores  the  name  of  the  place  where  they  should  be  seated; 
for  at  my  coming  away  they  were  prepared  to  remove  from  Roanoak 
50  miles  into  the  maine.  Therefore  at  my  departure  from  them  in 
An.  1587  I  willed  them,  that  if  they  should  happen  to  be  distressed  in 
any  of  those  places,  that  then  they  should  carve  over  the  letters  or 
name,  a  Crosse  X  in  this  forme,  but  we  found  no  such  signe  of  dis- 
tresse.  And  having  well  considered  of  this,  we  passed  toward  the 
place  where  they  were  left  in  sundry  houses,  but  we  found  the  houses 
taken  downe,  and  the  place  very  strongly  enclosed  with  a  high  pali- 
sado  of  great  trees,  with  cortynes  and  flankers  very  Fortlike,  and  one 
of  the  chiefe  trees  or  postes  at  the  right  side  of  the  entrance  had  the 
barke  taken  off,  and  5  foote  from  the  ground  in  fayre  Capitall  letters 
was  graven  CROATOAN  without  any  cross  or  sign  of  distresse;  this 
done,  we  entered  into  the  palisado,  where  we  found  many  barres  of 
Iron,  two  piggies  of  lead,  foure  yron  fowlers,  Iron  sacker-shotte,  and 
such  like  heavie  things,  throwen  here  and  there,  almost  overgrowen 

with  grasse  and  weedes but  although  it  much  grieved  me  to 

see  such  spoyle  of  my  goods,  yet  on  the  other  hand  I  greatly  joyed 
that  I  had  safely  found  a  certaine  token  of  their  safe  being  at 
Croatoan,  which  is  the  place  where  Manteo  was  borne,  and  the  Sav- 
ages of  the  Hand  our  friends." 

Perhaps  the  most  popular  theory  advanced  in  explanation  of  the 
mysterious  exodus  of  Raleigh's  Colonists  is  that,  despairing  of  the 
return  of  Governor  White,  they  moved  to  Croatoan  and  intermarried 
with  the  friendly  Croatan  Indians,  who  proudly  claim  to  this  day  their 
descent  from  the  Colonists  of  Raleigh.  The  supporters  of  this  theory 
claim  that  the  habits,  mental  traits  and  disposition  of  the  Croatan 
Indians  of  Robeson  County,  North  Carolina,  of  the  present  day  indi- 
cate traces  of  such  civilized  ancestry,  that  their  language  is  still  the 
English  of  three  centuries  ago,  and  that  their  names  are  in  many  cases 
the  family  names  of  the  original  Colonists. 

25  Raleigh  wrote,  just  before  his  loss  of  fortune  and  of  favor,  "I 
shall  yet  live  to  see  it  an  English  nation." 


The  Sacrifice,  1618  83 

And  still — America,  Virginia,  new  England! 
What  magic  words  in  this  my  passing  hour! 
They  conjure  back  the  daring  vision-days, 
And  my  sure  trust  in  lands  beyond  the  sea. 

America!  Virginia!  New  England! 

What  though  my  star  stoop  not  to  its  eclipse, 

Still  it  doth  harbinger  the  New  Day's  dawn. 

And  by  that  way  I  have  so  blithely  gone, 

Sea-buffeted,  with  all  my  gallant  men, 

A  brave  new  world  will  yet  be  won  by  English 

Youth  across  the  seas — a  sunbright  world 

Of  high  resolve — of  faith,  and  love,  and  Liberty! 


[He  goes,  in  answer  to  the  summons  of  THE  BELLMAN.] 


THE  EPILOGUE 


[851 


Cptlogue 

[The  music  sweeps  into  a  strong  major.  THE  CHORUS  OF 
SHEPHERDS  enters,  chanting  the  return  of  THE  SPIRIT 
OF  YOUTH.  Their  kirtles  now  are  of  flaming  rose,  and 
all  bear  torches  burning  brightly.] 

THE  CHORUS  OF  SHEPHERDS 

Children  of  Youth,  believers  in  Youth, 
Lovers  of  Youth's  heart  of  flame, 
Prepare  ye  your  hearts  for  Youth's  wisdom, 
For  Youth  is  the  teacher  of  men. 

THE  SPIRIT  OF  YOUTH 

As  long  ago,  three  hundred  years  today, 

Sir  Walter  Raleigh  met  his  arduous  task 

Of  pouring  out  such  flow  of  martyr's  blood 

As  should  allay  the  thirst  of  vengeful  king, 

So  doth  he  symbolize  the  noble  strife 

Of  England  in  her  quest  for  liberty. 

Her  own  good  realm  she  safe  'gainst  foe  did  make, 

Repulsing,  under  valiant  Marlborough, 

Superior  force  arrayed  on  Blenheim  field. 

Another  despot,  great  Napoleon, 

Who  shook  his  mailed  fist  terrifically 

In  Europe's  pallid,  pain-distorted  face, 

She  vanquished  famously  at  Waterloo. 


[871 


88  Raleigh,  the  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean 

THE  CHORUS  OF  SHEPHERDS 

Children  of  Youth,  believers  in  Youth, 
Lovers  of  Youth's  heart  of  flame, 
Prepare  ye  your  hearts  for  Youth's  wisdom, 
For  Youth  is  the  teacher  of  men. 

THE  SPIRIT  OF  YOUTH 

And  now  again,  in  this  age  of  Today, 
When  all  the  world  lay  basking  quietly 
Beneath  the  bright,  warm  sun  of  peace  and  faith. 
When  cruel  hordes  did  sweep  relentlessly, 
Despoiling  Belgium,  threatening  fair  France, 
Again  did  England  bare  her  dauntless  breast, 
And  strike,  as  oft  of  old,  for  Liberty. 
Then  did  America,  with  zealous  pride, 
Make  good  her  kinship  with  these  loyal  brave, 
Who  bore  the  grim  brunt  of  those  sullen  hosts. 

THE  CHORUS  OF  SHEPHERDS 

Children  of  Youth,  believers  in  Youth, 
Lovers  of  Youth's  heart  of  flame, 
Prepare  ye  your  hearts  for  Youth's  wisdom, 
For  Youth  is  the  teacher  of  men. 

THE  SPIRIT  OF  YOUTH 

Now  hark  ye  to  the  vision  of  fair  Youth! 

The  day  will  come  when  mankind's  highest  pride 

Shall  be  no  longer  in  the  vast  array 

And  panoply  of  war,  but,  rectified, 

Shall  find  delight  in  all  those  happy  arts 

That  make  the  earth  a  temple  unto  Peace, 


The  Epilogue  89 

A  temple  of  the  free-born  sons  of  men. 
Together  all  shall  we  find  the  way  at  last 
Unto  that  broader  country  where  the  Light 
Doth  shine  for  all — not  sun  for  but  a  few, 
And  dismal  light  for  others,  evermore — 
But  Light  for  all,  and  Life  for  all, 
And  happiness  secure, 
And  Freedom  safe  o'er  all  the  earth, 
While  mankind  shall  endure. 

THE  CHORUS  OF  SHEPHERDS 

Children  of  Youth,  believers  in  Youth, 
Lovers  of  Youth's  heart  of  flame, 
Prepare  ye  your  hearts  for  Youth's  wisdom, 
For  Youth  is  the  teacher  of  men. 

[After  The  Epilogue  is  spoken  and  THE  SPIRIT  OF  YOUTH 
with  the  accompaning  CHORUS  OF  SHEPHERDS  has  de- 
parted, in  the  distance  a  chorus  of  voices  is  heard  sing- 
ing God  Save  Britannia's  Queen,  as  in  the  spacious  days 
of  good  QUEEN  BESS.] 

[From  the  opposite  side,  to  the  same  music,  comes  a 
swelling  chorus  singing  Hail  America!  the  stanzas  of 
the  two  hymns  being  sung  alternately,  while  the  banners 
of  both  nations  appear  united  in  a  Field  of  Light!] 

HAIL,  AMERICA! 

All  hail,  America, 

Hail,  my  America! 
Liberty-land  of  sunbright  birth, 
Glory  of  peoples  'round  the  earth, 
Liberty-land  o'er  all  the  earth! 

All  hail  America! 


12 


90          Raleigh,  the  Shepherd  of  the  Ocean 

Wake,  my  America, 

Wake,  all  America! 
People  of  mountain,  people  of  plain, 
Singing  together  in  Freedom's  refrain, 
Singing  the  chorus  again  and  again, 

All  hail  America! 

Rise,  my  America, 

Rise,  all  America! 
Sing  we  the  People  our  Liberty-song, 
Marching,  marching,  marching  along, 
Marching  and  singing  our  Liberty-song, 

All  hail  America! 

Sing,  my  America, 

Sing,  all  America! 
Song  of  the  trail  of  the  pioneer  toil, 
Earth-song,  sun-song,  song  of  the  soil, 
Song  of  our  sun-born  native  soil, 

All  hail  America! 


[During  the  singing  SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH  returns.  He 
stands  for  a  moment  silent,  in  the  Field  of  Light.  His 
mission  has  been  accomplished.  His  vision  of  the  New 
World  has  been  fulfilled!] 


APPENDIX 


191] 


Directors  of  tfje  pageant 


AUTHOR 
FREDERICK  H.  KOCH 

DRAMATIC  DIRECTOR 
ELIZABETH  B.  GRIMBALL 

DIRECTOR  OF  THE  CHORUS 
S.  DINGLEY  BROWN 

DIRECTOR  OF  THE  CHILDREN'S  CHORUS 
CLARA  VOYLE 

DIRECTOR  OF  THE  ORCHESTRA 
ARTHUR  FILLMORE  CAIN 

DIRECTORS  OF  DANCING 
GRACE  HOUCHEN  and  J.  RICHARD  CROZIER 

DIRECTOR  OF  COSTUMES  AND  PROPERTIES 
ELIZABETH  L.  GRIMES 

DIRECTOR  OF  LIGHTING 
PARKER  H.  DAGGETT 

DIRECTOR  OF  SETTINGS 
FRANK  B.  SIMPSON 

DIRECTOR  OF  STAGE  CONSTRUCTION 
WILLIAM  L.  BEASLEY 


[93] 


Committee*  of  tije  pageant 


THE  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 

MR.  W.  L.  BEASLEY,  Chairman  (Rotary  Club) 

MR.  A.  T.  BOWLER,  Secretary  (American  Legion) 

MR.  C.  T.  MCCLENAGHAN,  Treasurer  (Shriners'  Club) 

MRS.  J.  BRYAN  GRIMES  (Woman's  Club) 

DR.  W.  C.  HORTON  (Chamber  of  Commerce) 

DR.  J.  RICHARD  CROZIER  (Kiwanis  Club) 

Miss  ELLEN  DURHAM  (Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution) 

MR.  R.  D.  W.  CONNOR  and  DR.  GEORGE  J.  RAMSEY 

(North  Carolina  Literary  and  Historical  Association) 

THE  PRODUCTION  COMMITTEE 

MRS.  J.  BRYAN  GRIMES,  Chairman 

MRS.  WILBUR  BUNN  MRS.  FRANK  CASTLEBURY 

DR.  W.  C.  HORTON 

THE  PUBLICITY  COMMITTEE 

DR.  W.  C.  HORTON,  Chairman 

Miss  NELL  BATTLE  LEWIS  and  Miss  SUSAN  PRANDS  IDEN 
(Representing  the  Press) 

THE  FINANCE  COMMITTEE 

MR.  C.  T.  MCCLANAGHAN,  Chairman 
MRS.  B.  H.  GRIFFIN 

THE  BOOK  COMMITTEE 

MR.  R.  D.  W.  CONNOR,  Chairman 

DR.  GEORGE  J.  RAMSEY 
1941 


principal  JHaper*  of  fyt 

THE  SPIRIT  OF  YOUTH Grace.  Houchen 

THE  CHORUS  OF  SHEPHERDS    Martha  Adams,  Edith  GUI,  Laura  Jones 

Louise  Brockman,  Alice  Hedrick,  Jarde 
Trent,  Mildred  Adams,  Ruth  Teachey. 

w,  \      Part  I,       Walter  Simpson 

SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH }     Part  II,  Dr.  W.  C.  Horton 

QUEEN  ELIZABETH Muriel  Victor  Castlebury 

THE  EARL  OF  ESSEX Hardy  Murfree  Ray 

SIR  FRANCIS  DRAKE Arthur  B.  Corey 

HENRY  HOWARD,  Earl  of  Northampton      ....      Clarence  Powell 

WILLIAM  SHAKESPEARE Louis  C.  Holmes 

EDMUND  SPENSER A.  J.  Fletcher 

JOHN  WHITE,  Governor  of  Virginia  .    .    .    .    .    .    .  F.  M.  Regester 

MANTEO  and  WANCHESE,  natives  of  Virginia     .      ]    /j  *£,  'McMMan 

THE  MASTER  OF  CEREMONIES Robert  Noble 

THE  JESTER Ellen  Durham 

BEN  JONSON Alfred  Sears 

FRANCIS  BACON Frank  Simpson 

ELIZABETH  THROCMORTON Louise  Baker 

THE  INN-KEEPER W.  G.  Briggs 

THE  LORD  MAYOR  OF  LONDON Robert  Noble 

ROBIN  HOOD Charles  B.  Garrett 

MAID  MARIAN Louise  Hall 

VENEZUELA,  Queen  of  the  Carribean Elizabeth  Walker 

THE  SPIRIT  OF  THE  ORINOCO,  a  water-sprite  .    .    .    Elizabeth  Hughes 

KING  JAMES  THE  FIRST Leland  S.  Harris 

GEORGE  VILLIERS,  Duke  of  Buckingham Barber  Towler 

THE  DEAN  OF  WESTMINSTER     .........     A.  J.  Fletcher 

THE  BELLMAN The  Reverend  C.  A.  Ashby 

Governor  and  Mrs.  T.  W.  Bickett  will  appear  in  the 
Court  of  Queen  Elizabeth 

W 


DATE 


Jl/L 


JLO 


45647 


3151 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


